ArticlePediatrics2012
One-year outcomes of prenatal exposure to MDMA and other recreational drugs.
Article in Pediatrics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Contributions of a Child's Built, Natural, and Social Environments to Their General Cognitive Ability: A Systematic Scoping Review.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Psychedelic exposure in pregnancy: a scoping review to inform perinatal drug safety and clinical counseling.Therapeutic advances in drug safety · 2026Review
- Developmental Neurotoxicity Screen of Psychedelics and Other Drugs of Abuse in Larval Zebrafish (ACS chemical neuroscience · 2023Article
- The epigenetic legacy of illicit drugs: developmental exposures and late-life phenotypes.Environmental epigenetics · 2019Review
- Stimulant Use in Pregnancy: An Under-recognized Epidemic Among Pregnant Women.Clinical obstetrics and gynecology · 2019Review
- Heightened sympathetic arousal is demonstrated by skin conductance responsivity to auditory stimuli in a small cohort of neonates with opiate withdrawal.Brain research bulletin · 2018Article
- Article
- Alcohol Interactions with Psychostimulants: An Overview of Animal and Human Studies.Journal of addiction research & therapy · 2016Article
- Developmental outcomes of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)-exposed infants in the UK.Human psychopharmacology · 2015Article
- Psychostimulants and movement disorders.Frontiers in neurology · 2015Review
- A review of environmental contributions to childhood motor skills.Journal of child neurology · 2014Review
- MDMA and heightened cortisol: a neurohormonal perspective on the pregnancy outcomes of mothers used 'Ecstasy' during pregnancy.Human psychopharmacology · 2014Review
- Psychiatric profiles of mothers who take Ecstasy/MDMA during pregnancy: reduced depression 1 year after giving birth and quitting Ecstasy.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2014Observational
- Motor delays in MDMA (ecstasy) exposed infants persist to 2 years.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
- Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from 1 to 3 years.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveA widely used illicit recreational drug among young adults, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy, is an indirect monoaminergic agonist/reuptake inhibitor affecting the serotonin system. Preclinical studies found prenatal exposure related to long-term learning and memory impairments. There are no studies of sequelae of prenatal MDMA exposure in humans, despite potential harmful effects to the fetus.
methodsA total of 96 women in the United Kingdom (28 MDMA users; 68 non-MDMA) were interviewed about recreational drug use during pregnancy. Their infants were seen at 12 months using standardized assessments of cognitive, language, and motor development (Preschool Language Scale, Bayley Mental and Motor Development and Behavior Rating Scales [Mental Development Index, Psychomotor Development Index, Behavioral Rating Scale]). Mothers completed the Child Domain Scale of the Parenting Stress Index, The Home Observation of the Environment Scale (in interview), the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Drug Abuse Screening Test. Women were primarily middle class with some university education, in stable partner relationships, and polydrug users. MDMA and other drug effects were assessed through multiple regression analyses controlling for confounding variables, and analysis of covariance comparing heavier versus lighter and nonexposed groups.
resultsAmount of prenatal MDMA exposure predicted poorer infant mental and motor development at 12 months in a dose-dependent manner. Heavily exposed infants were delayed in motor development. Lighter-exposed infants were comparable to nonexposed infants. There were no effects on language, emotional regulation, or parenting stress.
conclusionsFindings document persistent neurotoxic effects of heavier prenatal MDMA exposure on motor development through the first year of life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.