ArticleReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2012
A comparison of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the induction of spermiation and amplexus in the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus).
Article in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of repeated injection of human chorionic gonadotropin on semen quality, testicular hemodynamics and hormonal profile of senile camel.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Reproduction in the frogAnimal reproduction · 2025Article
- Efficacy of salmon GnRHa, Ovaprim® and hCG for hormonal stimulation of spermiation in the Fowler's toad (Conservation physiology · 2024Article
- Gamete Collection, Artificial Fertilization and Captive-Rearing of Eggs in a Terrestrial-Breeding Anuran with Parental Care:Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Biobanks, offspring fitness and the influence of developmental plasticity in conservation biology.Animal reproduction · 2023Review
- Amphibian reproductive technologies: approaches and welfare considerations.Conservation physiology · 2021Article
- Evaluation of different temporal periods between hormone-induced ovulation attempts in the female Fowler's toadConservation physiology · 2020Article
- The effect of injection and topical application of hCG and GnRH agonist to induce sperm-release in the roseate frog,Conservation physiology · 2020Article
- Hormonal induction of spermiation in a Eurasian bufonid (Epidalea calamita).Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2019Article
- Hormone-induced sperm-release in the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Conservation physiology · 2019Article
- Generation of a sexually mature individual of the Eastern dwarf tree frog,Conservation physiology · 2018Article
- The neuro-hormonal control of rapid dynamic skin colour change in an amphibian during amplexus.PloS one · 2014Article
- Efficient induction of spawning of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) during and outside the natural breeding season.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCaptive breeding programs for endangered amphibian species often utilize exogenous hormones for species that are difficult to breed. The purpose of our study was to compare the efficacy of two different hormones at various concentrations on sperm production, quantity and quality over time in order to optimize assisted breeding.
methodsMale American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) were divided into three separate treatment groups, with animals in each group rotated through different concentrations of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRH; 0.1, 1.0, 4.0 and 32 micrograms/toad), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 50, 100, 200, and 300 IU), or the control over 24 hours. We evaluated the number of males that respond by producing spermic urine, the sperm concentration, percent motility, and quality of forward progression. We also evaluated the effects of hCG and LHRH on reproductive behavior as assessed by amplexus. Data were analyzed using the Generalized Estimating Equations incorporating repeated measures over time and including the main effects of treatment and time, and the treatment by time interaction.
resultsThe hormone hCG was significantly more effective at stimulating spermiation in male Anaxyrus americanus than LHRH and showed a dose-dependent response in the number of animals producing sperm. At the most effective hCG dose (300 IU), 100% of the male toads produced sperm, compared to only 35% for the best LHRH dose tested (4.0 micrograms). In addition to having a greater number of responders (P < 0.05), the 300 IU hCG treatment group had a much higher average sperm concentration (P < 0.05) than the treatment group receiving 4.0 micrograms LHRH. In contrast, these two treatments did not result in significant differences in sperm motility or quality of forward progressive motility. However, more males went into amplexus when treated with LHRH vs. hCG (90% vs. 75%) by nine hours post-administration.
conclusionThere is a clear dichotomy between the two hormones' physiological responses on gamete production and stimulation of amplexus. Understanding how these two hormones influence physiology and reproductive behaviors in amphibians will have direct bearing on establishing similar breeding protocols for endangered species.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.