ArticlePloS one2012
Embedding permanent watermarks in synthetic genes.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Self-authenticating genomic materials in Escherichia coli via advanced genome signatures.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Cryptographic approaches to authenticating synthetic DNA sequences.Trends in biotechnology · 2024Review
- Advances in Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Neurodegenerative Diseases.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Design considerations for advancing data storage with synthetic DNA for long-term archiving.Materials today. Bio · 2022Review
- Privacy-preserving and robust watermarking on sequential genome data using belief propagation and local differential privacy.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- In-situ monitoring of xenobiotics using genetically engineered whole-cell-based microbial biosensors: recent advances and outlook.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2021Review
- barCoder: a tool to generate unique, orthogonal genetic tags for qPCR detection.BMC bioinformatics · 2021Article
- Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Minimal, Innocuous Watermarking Strategy to Distinguish Near-Identical DNA and RNA Sequences.ACS synthetic biology · 2020Article
- The Emergency Response Capacity of Plant-Based Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing-What It Is and What It Could Be.Frontiers in plant science · 2020Review
- Article
- DNA nanotechnology: new adventures for an old warhorse.Current opinion in chemical biology · 2015Review
- A critical analysis of codon optimization in human therapeutics.Trends in molecular medicine · 2014Review
- DNA-LCEB: a high-capacity and mutation-resistant DNA data-hiding approach by employing encryption, error correcting codes, and hybrid twofold and fourfold codon-based strategy for synonymous substitution in amino acids.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2014Article
- BioCode: two biologically compatible Algorithms for embedding data in non-coding and coding regions of DNA.BMC bioinformatics · 2013Article
- Collusion-resistant audio fingerprinting system in the modulated complex lapped transform domain.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As synthetic biology advances, labeling of genes or organisms, like other high-value products, will become important not only to pinpoint their identity, origin, or spread, but also for intellectual property, classification, bio-security or legal reasons. Ideally information should be inseparably interlaced into expressed genes. We describe a method for embedding messages within open reading frames of synthetic genes by adapting steganographic algorithms typically used for watermarking digital media files. Text messages are first translated into a binary string, and then represented in the reading frame by synonymous codon choice. To aim for good expression of the labeled gene in its host as well as retain a high degree of codon assignment flexibility for gene optimization, codon usage tables of the target organism are taken into account. Preferably amino acids with 4 or 6 synonymous codons are used to comprise binary digits. Several different messages were embedded into open reading frames of T7 RNA polymerase, GFP, human EMG1 and HIV gag, variously optimized for bacterial, yeast, mammalian or plant expression, without affecting their protein expression or function. We also introduced Vigenère polyalphabetic substitution to cipher text messages, and developed an identifier as a key to deciphering codon usage ranking stored for a specific organism within a sequence of 35 nucleotides.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.