ArticleBMC genomics2012
Evolutionary paths of streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens.
Article in BMC genomics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and Molecular Characteristics ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Preliminary assessment of the therapeutic potential of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like W via biological activity and TCR binding sites analysis.Virulence · 2025Article
- Inter-species gene flow drives ongoing evolution of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response.Toxins · 2022Review
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- Differences in the Accessory Genomes and Methylomes of Strains of Streptococcus equi subsp.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Genome Sequencing of a Historic Staphylococcus aureus Collection Reveals New Enterotoxin Genes and Sheds Light on the Evolution and Genomic Organization of This Key Virulence Gene Family.Journal of bacteriology · 2021Article
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- A partial order and cluster-similarity metric on rooted phylogenetic trees.Journal of mathematical biology · 2020Article
- Pathogenicity Factors in Group C and G Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
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- Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens Stimulate the Entire T Cell Repertoire of Cattle.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Staphylococcal Superantigens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
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- Article
- Application of LC-MS/MS MRM to Determine Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEB and SEA) in Milk.Toxins · 2016Article
- Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus revealed production patterns and hemolytic potentials unlinked to gene profiles and source.BMC microbiology · 2016Article
- Molecular Characterization of Invasive Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, Japan.Emerging infectious diseases · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStreptococcus pyogenes (GAS) harbors several superantigens (SAgs) in the prophage region of its genome, although speG and smez are not located in this region. The diversity of SAgs is thought to arise during horizontal transfer, but their evolutionary pathways have not yet been determined. We recently completed sequencing the entire genome of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE), the closest relative of GAS. Although speG is the only SAg gene of SDSE, speG was present in only 50% of clinical SDSE strains and smez in none. In this study, we analyzed the evolutionary paths of streptococcal and staphylococcal SAgs.
resultsWe compared the sequences of the 12-60 kb speG regions of nine SDSE strains, five speG(+) and four speG(-). We found that the synteny of this region was highly conserved, whether or not the speG gene was present. Synteny analyses based on genome-wide comparisons of GAS and SDSE indicated that speG is the direct descendant of a common ancestor of streptococcal SAgs, whereas smez was deleted from SDSE after SDSE and GAS split from a common ancestor. Cumulative nucleotide skew analysis of SDSE genomes suggested that speG was located outside segments of steeper slopes than the stable region in the genome, whereas the region flanking smez was unstable, as expected from the results of GAS. We also detected a previously undescribed staphylococcal SAg gene, selW, and a staphylococcal SAg -like gene, ssl, in the core genomes of all Staphylococcus aureus strains sequenced. Amino acid substitution analyses, based on dN/dS window analysis of the products encoded by speG, selW and ssl suggested that all three genes have been subjected to strong positive selection. Evolutionary analysis based on the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method showed that each clade included at least one direct descendant.
conclusionsOur findings reveal a plausible model for the comprehensive evolutionary pathway of streptococcal and staphylococcal SAgs.
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