ArticleAgeing research2011
Multiple, correlated covariates associated with differential item functioning (DIF): Accounting for language DIF when education levels differ across languages.
Article in Ageing research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a Cognitive Screen Item Bank: Assessment of Individuals Across the Cognitive Spectrum, Including Advanced Dementia.Psychological test and assessment modeling · 2026Article
- Language, literacy, and sensory impairments and missing cognitive test scores in the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Measurement of Prevalent Versus Incident Dementia Cases in Epidemiologic Studies.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Challenges in Measuring Applied Cognition: Measurement Properties and Equivalence of the Functional Assessment in Acute Care Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Test (FAMCAT) Applied Cognition Item Bank.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2022Article
- The effect of missing data and imputation on the detection of bias in cognitive testing using differential item functioning methods.BMC medical research methodology · 2022Article
- Towards a more inclusive and equitable developmental cognitive neuroscience.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2021Review
- Demographic predictors of cognitive change in ethnically diverse older persons.Psychology and aging · 2013Article
- Measurement equivalence across racial/ethnic groups of the mood and feelings questionnaire for childhood depression.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when a test item has different statistical properties in subgroups, controlling for the underlying ability measured by the test. DIF assessment is necessary when evaluating measurement bias in tests used across different language groups. However, other factors such as educational attainment can differ across language groups, and DIF due to these other factors may also exist. How to conduct DIF analyses in the presence of multiple, correlated factors remains largely unexplored. This study assessed DIF related to Spanish versus English language in a 44-item object naming test. Data come from a community-based sample of 1,755 Spanish- and English-speaking older adults. We compared simultaneous accounting, a new strategy for handling differences in educational attainment across language groups, with existing methods. Compared to other methods, simultaneously accounting for language- and education-related DIF yielded salient differences in some object naming scores, particularly for Spanish speakers with at least 9 years of education. Accounting for factors that vary across language groups can be important when assessing language DIF. The use of simultaneous accounting will be relevant to other cross-cultural studies in cognition and in other fields, including health-related quality of life.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.