ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology1990
Analysis of determinants of swimming economy in front crawl.
Article in European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 1990. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of low- and high-carbohydrate diets on swimming economy: a crossover study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2020Trial
- Energy cost and body centre of mass' 3D intracycle velocity variation in swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- Energy cost of swimming of elite long-distance swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2005Trial
- Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2004Trial
- Differences in the energy cost between children and adults during front crawl swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2004Trial
- Higher relevance of mechanical determinants for short-distance performance and metabolic determinants for middle-distance performance in female adolescent swimmers at national level.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cutoff value for predicting success in triathlon mixed team relay.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2023Article
- Strength Training in Swimming.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Are Young Swimmers Short and Middle Distances Energy Cost Sex-Specific?Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Modelling the 200 m Front-Crawl Performance Predictors at the Winter Season Peak.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2019Article
- Relatedness support enhances motor learning.Psychological research · 2018Article
- Will women soon outperform men in open-water ultra-distance swimming in the 'Maratona del Golfo Capri-Napoli'?SpringerPlus · 2014Article
- Energetics of swimming: a historical perspective.European journal of applied physiology · 2011Review
- Comparative analysis of the energy cost during front crawl swimming in children and adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2009Article
- The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2008Article
- Effects of gender on stroke rates, critical speed and velocity of a 30-min swim in young swimmers.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2007Article
- Energy cost and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke.European journal of applied physiology · 2005Article
- Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon: implications for physiological analysis and performance.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2002Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between swimming economy, energy cost to move the body per unit distance (CS) at a given velocity (v) and the potential determinants, i.e. performance level, body size, swimming technique and v. A total of 101 males were studied. Three performance levels (A, B, C) were determined, ranging from the slower (A) to the faster times (B, C). At level C and at 1.1 m.s-1, CS 1.1, was reduced by 55% and 25% when compared with levels A and B and when calculated per unit of surface area (SA) and unit of hydrostatic lift (HL). For the whole group of swimmers, CS 1.1 = 21.88 SA-2.15 HL + 5.9 (r = 0.56, P less than 0.01). Among the 101 swimmers, three other groups were selected to evaluate specifically the influence of arm length and swimming technique on CS, i.e. arm or leg swimmers and sprinters versus long-distance swimmers, CS was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower for long-arm swimmers, arm and long-distance swimmers than for short-arm, leg and sprint swimmers by 12%, SD 3.3%, 15%, SD 3.8% and 16.5%, SD 3%, respectively. For all groups, CS increased with v on average by 10% every 0.1 m.s-1. It is concluded that technical ability cannot be interpreted directly from CS. Performance levels, body size, swimming technique and v at which the measurements are obtained must be also taken into account.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.