Trial reportArchives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine2012
Using pay for performance to improve treatment implementation for adolescent substance use disorders: results from a cluster randomized trial.
Trial report in Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01016704 (Reinforcing Therapist Performance), which is not on this map. Cited by 38 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Reinforcing Therapist Performance
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of evidence-based practice implementation in drug and alcohol settings: applying the consolidated framework for implementation research framework.Implementation science : IS · 2021Pooled it
- Association of Alternative Payment and Delivery Models With Outcomes for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the relationship between adherence, competence and outcome in psychotherapy for children and adolescents.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Quality improvement, implementation, and dissemination strategies to improve mental health care for children and adolescents: a systematic review.Implementation science : IS · 2017Pooled it
- Project MIMIC (Maximizing Implementation of Motivational Incentives in Clinics): results of a 28-site cluster-randomized type 3 hybrid trial.Implementation science : IS · 2025Trial
- Addressing unmet need for substance use disorder treatment among youth in the legal system (YLS): Costs of structured implementation interventions with juvenile justice agencies in seven states.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Trial
- Project MIMIC (Maximizing Implementation of Motivational Incentives in Clinics): A cluster-randomized type 3 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2021Trial
- Pay-for-performance as a cost-effective implementation strategy: results from a cluster randomized trial.Implementation science : IS · 2018Trial
- Trial
- The impact of performance incentives on child health outcomes: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in the Philippines.Health policy and planning · 2014Trial
- The STop UNhealthy substance use now (STUN II) trial: protocol for a 48-site cluster randomized 2 × 2 factorial implementation trial to improve evidence-based screening and interventions for substance use disorder within primary care.Implementation science : IS · 2025Article
- Harnessing Implementation Science in Clinical Psychology: Past, Present, and Future.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2025Review
- The Strategies Timeline and Activities Reporting Tables: Improving HIV Care by Improving the Reporting of Implementation Strategies.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Enduring contributions to implementation science: Honoring the legacy of Bryan R. Garner.Frontiers in health services · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- From innovative applications of the effectiveness-implementation hybrid trial design to the dissemination, implementation, effectiveness, sustainment, economics, and level-of-scaling hybrid trial design.Frontiers in health services · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of value-based purchasing for substance use treatment engagement and retention.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2021Article
- Community stakeholder preferences for evidence-based practice implementation strategies in behavioral health: a best-worst scaling choice experiment.BMC psychiatry · 2021Article
- Priority domains, aims, and testable hypotheses for implementation research: Protocol for a scoping review and evidence map.Systematic reviews · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo test whether pay for performance (P4P) is an effective method to improve adolescent substance use disorder treatment implementation and efficacy.
designCluster randomized trial.
settingCommunity-based treatment organizations.
participantsTwenty-nine community-based treatment organizations, 105 therapists, and 986 adolescent patients (953 with complete data).
interventionCommunity-based treatment organizations were assigned to 1 of the following conditions: the implementation-as-usual (IAU) control condition or the P4P experimental condition. In addition to delivering the same evidence-based treatment (ie, using the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach [A-CRA]), each organization received standardized levels of funding, training, and coaching from the treatment developers. Therapists in the P4P condition received US $50 for each month that they demonstrated competence in treatment delivery (ie, A-CRA competence) and US $200 for each patient who received a specified number of treatment procedures and sessions (ie, target A-CRA) that has been found to be associated with significantly improved patient outcomes.
main outcome measuresOutcomes included ACRA competence (ie, a therapist-level implementation measure), target A-CRA (ie, a patient-level implementation measure), and remission status (ie, a patient-level treatment effectiveness measure).
resultsRelative to therapists in the IAU control condition, therapists in the P4P condition were significantly more likely to demonstrate A-CRA competence (24.0% vs 8.9%; event rate ratio, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.12- 4.48; P=.02). Relative to patients in the IAU control condition, patients in the P4P condition were significantly more likely to receive target A-CRA (17.3% vs 2.5%; odds ratio, 5.19; 95% CI, 1.53-17.62; P=.01). However, no significant differences were found between conditions with regard to patients' end-of-treatment remission status.
conclusionPay for performance can be an effective method of improving treatment implementation.
trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01016704
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.