ArticlePediatrics2012
Persistent snoring in preschool children: predictors and behavioral and developmental correlates.
Article in Pediatrics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00129324 (Neurobehavioral Effects of Prevalent Neurotoxicants in Children), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neurobehavioral Effects of Prevalent Neurotoxicants in Children: A Cohort Study of the Cincinnati Center for Children's Environmental Health
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding and risk of habitual snoring in children: A meta-analysis.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and snoring: a birth cohort study.PloS one · 2014Trial
- Environmental tobacco smoke and sleep fragmentation in children with suspected sleep apnea.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Parent and child-reported acceptability and preference of pediatric home sleep apnea testing versus In-lab polysomnography: a pilot study.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Article
- Parent Reports Versus Objective Behavioral Measures in Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2025Article
- Bidirectional Relationship Between Dental Diseases and Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Patients.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2025Review
- Risk and Protective Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Throughout Lifespan: From Pregnancy to Adolescence.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Role of endothelial dysfunction in sleep-disordered breathing in egyptian children with sickle cell disease.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Impact of Breastfeeding Duration on Adenoid Hypertrophy, Snoring and Acute Otitis Media: A Case-Control Study in Preschool Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Apnea in Children: A Future Perspective Is Needed.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Exposure to second-hand smoke during early life and subsequent sleep problems in children: a population-based cross-sectional study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2021Article
- Bedtime, body mass index and obesity risk in preschool-aged children.Pediatric obesity · 2020Article
- Longitudinal Assessment of Sleep Trajectories during Early Childhood and Their Association with Obesity.Childhood obesity (Print) · 2020Article
- Risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children.Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale · 2020Article
- Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Review
- Effect of maternal smoking in pregnancy and childhood on child and adolescent sleep outcomes to 21 years: a birth cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Sleep Problems and Their Correlates in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Indian Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2019Article
- Prenatal and Neonatal Factors Predicting Sleep Problems in Children Born Extremely Preterm or With Extremely Low Birthweight.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2018Article
- Parental Snoring and Environmental Pollutants, but Not Aeroallergen Sensitization, Are Associated with Childhood Snoring in a Birth Cohort.Pediatric allergy, immunology, and pulmonology · 2017Article
- Mandibular movements identify respiratory effort in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo clarify whether persistent snoring in 2- to 3-year-olds is associated with behavioral and cognitive development, and to identify predictors of transient and persistent snoring.
methodsTwo hundred forty-nine mother/child pairs participated in a prospective birth cohort study. Based upon parental report of loud snoring ≥ 2 times weekly at 2 and 3 years of age, children were designated as nonsnorers, transient snorers (snored at 2 or 3 years of age, but not both), or persistent snorers (snored at both ages). We compared groups by using validated measures of behavioral and cognitive functioning. Potential predictors of snoring included child race and gender, socioeconomic status (parent education and income), birth weight, prenatal tobacco exposure (maternal serum cotinine), childhood tobacco exposure (serum cotinine), history and duration of breast milk feeding, and body mass relative to norms.
resultsIn multivariable analyses, persistent snorers had significantly higher reported overall behavior problems, particularly hyperactivity, depression, and inattention. Nonsnorers had significantly stronger cognitive development than transient and persistent snorers in unadjusted analyses, but not after demographic adjustment. The strongest predictors of the presence and persistence of snoring were lower socioeconomic status and the absence or shorter duration of breast milk feeding. Secondary analyses suggested that race may modify the association of childhood tobacco smoke exposure and snoring.
conclusionsPersistent, loud snoring was associated with higher rates of problem behaviors. These results support routine screening and tracking of snoring, especially in children from low socioeconomic backgrounds; referral for follow-up care of persistent snoring in young children; and encouragement and facilitation of infant breastfeeding.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.