Photosystem II antennae are not energetically connected: evidence based on flash-induced O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower leaves.

Oxygen evolution was measured in sunflower leaves in steady-state and during multiple-turnover pulses (MTP) of different light (630 nm LED plus far-red light) intensity and duration. In parallel, Chl fluorescence yields F(0) (minimum), F(s) (steady-state), and F(m) (pulse-saturated), as well as fluorescence induction during MTPs were recorded. Extra O(2) evolution was measured in response to a saturating single-turnover Xe flash (STF) applied immediately subsequently to the actinic light in the steady-state and to each MTP. Under the used anaerobic conditions and randomized S-states electron transport per STF was calculated as 4O(2) evolution. The STF-induced electron transport (=the number of open PSII) was maximal at the low background light, but decreased with progressing light saturation in steady-state and with the increasing duration of MTP. The quantum yield (effective antenna size) of open PSII centers remained constant when adjacent centers became closed. The photochemical quenching of fluorescence q(P) = (F(m) - F(s))/(F(m) - F(0)) was proportional with the portion of open PSII centers in the steady-state (variable non-photochemical quenching, NPQ) and with increasing MTP duration (NPQ absent). Comparison of experimental responses to a model based on PSII dimers with well-connected antennae showed no energetic connectivity between PSII antennae in intact leaves, suggesting that in vivo PSII exist as monomers, or dimers with energetically disconnected antennae.