ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2012
Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 232 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
232 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 492 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of Maternal Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors on the Association Between Particulate Matter and Adverse Birth Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal and early-life area-level characteristics and childhood adiposity: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2019Pooled it
- Outdoor Air Pollution and Brain Structure and Function From Across Childhood to Young Adulthood: A Methodological Review of Brain MRI Studies.Frontiers in public health · 2019Pooled it
- How a healthy lifestyle mediates socioeconomic inequities in healthy ageing and life expectancies: A 20-year cohort of older adults.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- Within- and between-study site variations in ambient air pollution exposure at ages 9-10 years in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Temporal Variation in the Association Between Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality Across Subpopulations in North Carolina and Michigan, U.S.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) moderate the association between traffic exposure and circulating inflammatory biomarkers.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Associations between residential segregation, ambient air pollution, and hippocampal features in recent trauma survivors.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Differential Reductions in Total and Compositional PMEnvironmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Systematic exposure bias in city-level air quality reporting revealed by 38 years of Indian observations.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Racial and sex differences in acute pericarditis among emergency department chest pain patients: a retrospective cohort study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Spatial and racial/ethnic disparities in cardiovascular mortality attributable to PMScience advances · 2026Article
- Contrasting Patterns in Ambient PMGeoHealth · 2026Article
- Association of Regional Agricultural Smoke Exposure With Sociodemographic Factors in Rural and Urban Communities.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Time-activity and daily mobility patterns during pregnancy and inequalities in air pollution exposure in perinatal outcomes: a cohort study.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Air Pollution Exposure and Birth Weight in the ECHO Cohort.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- A case-crossover analysis of short-term PMCommunications medicine · 2025Article
- Procedural Justice in Environmental Decision Making: An Analysis of Public Participation Language in State Level Cumulative Impact Legislation.Environmental justice (Print) · 2025Article
172 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGrowing evidence indicates that toxicity of fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) differs by chemical component. Exposure to components may differ by population.
objectivesWe investigated whether exposures to PM2.5 components differ by race/ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status (SES).
methodsLong-term exposures (2000 through 2006) were estimated for 215 U.S. census tracts for PM2.5 and for 14 PM2.5 components. Population-weighted exposures were combined to generate overall estimated exposures by race/ethnicity, education, poverty status, employment, age, and earnings. We compared population characteristics for tracts with and without PM2.5 component monitors.
resultsLarger disparities in estimated exposures were observed for components than for PM2.5 total mass. For race/ethnicity, whites generally had the lowest exposures. Non-Hispanic blacks had higher exposures than did whites for 13 of the 14 components. Hispanics generally had the highest exposures (e.g., 152% higher than whites for chlorine, 94% higher for aluminum). Young persons (0-19 years of age) had levels as high as or higher than other ages for all exposures except sulfate. Persons with lower SES had higher estimated exposures, with some exceptions. For example, a 10% increase in the proportion unemployed was associated with a 20.0% increase in vanadium and an 18.3% increase in elemental carbon. Census tracts with monitors had more non-Hispanic blacks, lower education and earnings, and higher unemployment and poverty than did tracts without monitors.
conclusionsExposures to PM2.5 components differed by race/ethnicity, age, and SES. If some components are more toxic than others, certain populations are likely to suffer higher health burdens. Demographics differed between populations covered and not covered by monitors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.