ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2013
Police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV and the criminalisation of drug use among people who inject drugs: a systematic review.The lancet. HIV · 2017Pooled it
- Police officers' stigmatizing attitudes toward people who use drugs: implications for support of deflection.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Policing and access to harm reduction services among young people who use drugs and young Indigenous people who use drugs before and after the pilot implementation of decriminalization of personal possession.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Characterizing changes to harm reduction site operations in British Columbia following the implementation of the decriminalization of drugs: Findings from a provincial survey.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Housing status and accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths in Canada, 2016-2017.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2024Article
- Decriminalization thresholds for drug possession: A multi-criteria policy analysis framework.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Young People Who Use Drugs Views Toward the Power and Authority of Police Officers.Contemporary drug problems · 2022Article
- Prevalence and correlates of selling illicit cannabis among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada: A ten-year prospective cohort study.The International journal on drug policy · 2019Article
- Implementation contexts and the impact of policing on access to supervised consumption services in Toronto, Canada: a qualitative comparative analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2019Article
- HIV Serostatus and Having Access to a Physician for Regular Hepatitis C Virus Care Among People Who Inject Drugs.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2018Article
- Initiation of drug dealing among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2016Article
- High prevalence of risky income generation among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Exploring the Public Health Impacts of Private Security Guards on People Who Use Drugs: a Qualitative Study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2015Article
- Social and Structural Factors Shaping High Rates of Incarceration among Sex Workers in a Canadian Setting.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2015Article
- Factors associated with willingness to participate in a pharmacologic addiction treatment clinical trial among people who use drugs.The American journal on addictions · 2015Article
- Crack pipe sharing among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting.Drug and alcohol review · 2015Article
- The role of visual markers in police victimization among structurally vulnerable persons in Tijuana, Mexico.The International journal on drug policy · 2015Article
- Providing comprehensive health services for young key populations: needs, barriers and gaps.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2015Review
- Incarceration among street-involved youth in a Canadian study: implications for health and policy interventions.The International journal on drug policy · 2014Article
- The impact of harm reduction on HIV and illicit drug use.Harm reduction journal · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStreet-level policing has been recognized as a driver of health-related harms among people who inject drugs (IDU). However, the extent of interaction between police and street-involved youth has not been well characterized. We examined the incidence and risk factors for police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting.
methodsUsing data derived from participants enrolled in the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) between 2005 and 2011, we assessed factors associated with being stopped, searched, or detained by police without arrest in the previous six months using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with logit link for binary outcomes.
resultsAmong 991 participants followed during the study period, 440 (44.4%) reported being stopped, searched, or detained by police for an incidence density of 49.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.42-65.01) per 100 person years. In multivariate GEE analyses, factors associated with police confrontations included: male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.35), homelessness (AOR=2.05), recent incarceration (AOR=1.78), daily cannabis use (AOR=1.31), daily heroin injecting (AOR=1.36), crack pipe/syringe sharing (AOR=1.61), injection drug use (AOR=1.37), public drug use (AOR=2.19), sex work involvement (AOR=1.67), and drug dealing (AOR=1.49) (all p<0.05). In total, 19.0% of participants reported that police confiscated their drug paraphernalia without arresting them. Additionally, 16.9% of individuals reported experiencing violence at the hands of police.
conclusionWe found that various factors, such as homelessness and markers of more severe addiction, increased the likelihood of being confronted by police, and police confrontations were associated with markers of health-related harm among street youth. These findings highlight the need for social and structural interventions that best enable police to fulfil public safety and public order objectives without negatively influencing health behaviours of street youth.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.