ArticlePloS one2012
Unusual stability of messenger RNA in snake venom reveals gene expression dynamics of venom replenishment.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biochemical characterisation and substrate-specific proteolytic diversity of venom metalloproteinases in African puff adders.Toxicon: X · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation.Scientifica · 2026Review
- Distinct regulatory networks control toxin gene expression in elapid and viperid snakes.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Comparison of Four Methods of RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis from The Venom of Peruvian Snakes of the GenusInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Single-Cell Heterogeneity in Snake Venom Expression Is Hardwired by Co-Option of Regulators from Progressively Activated Pathways.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Extracellular Vesicles fromToxins · 2022Article
- Potential Application of Recombinant Snake Prothrombin Activator Ecarin in Blood Diagnostics.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Physiological demands and signaling associated with snake venom production and storage illustrated by transcriptional analyses of venom glands.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites.Toxins · 2020Review
- A symmetry or asymmetry: Functional and compositional comparison of venom from the left and right glands of the Indochinese spitting cobra (Toxicon: X · 2020Article
- Kinetic analysis of effects of temperature and time on the regulation of venom expression in Bungarus multicinctus.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Evolutionary Ecology of Fish Venom: Adaptations and Consequences of Evolving a Venom System.Toxins · 2019Review
- Evaluating the Performance of De Novo Assembly Methods for Venom-Gland Transcriptomics.Toxins · 2018Article
- Third Generation Antivenomics: Pushing the Limits of the In Vitro Preclinical Assessment of Antivenoms.Toxins · 2017Article
- Article
- Stabilising the Integrity of Snake Venom mRNA Stored under Tropical Field Conditions Expands Research Horizons.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Full-Length Venom Protein cDNA Sequences from Venom-Derived mRNA: Exploring Compositional Variation and Adaptive Multigene Evolution.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Quantitative high-throughput profiling of snake venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes (Ovophis okinavensis and Protobothrops flavoviridis).BMC genomics · 2013Article
- Venom: the sharp end of pain therapeutics.British journal of pain · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Venom is a critical evolutionary innovation enabling venomous snakes to become successful limbless predators; it is therefore vital that venomous snakes possess a highly efficient venom production and delivery system to maintain their predatory arsenal. Here, we exploit the unusual stability of messenger RNA in venom to conduct, for the first time, quantitative PCR to characterise the dynamics of gene expression of newly synthesised venom proteins following venom depletion. Quantitative PCR directly from venom enables real-time dynamic studies of gene expression in the same animals because it circumvents the conventional requirement to sacrifice snakes to extract mRNA from dissected venom glands. Using qPCR and proteomic analysis, we show that gene expression and protein re-synthesis triggered by venom expulsion peaks between days 3-7 of the cycle of venom replenishment, with different protein families expressed in parallel. We demonstrate that venom re-synthesis occurs very rapidly following depletion of venom stores, presumably to ensure venomous snakes retain their ability to efficiently predate and remain defended from predators. The stability of mRNA in venom is biologically fascinating, and could significantly empower venom research by expanding opportunities to produce transcriptomes from historical venom stocks and rare or endangered venomous species, for new therapeutic, diagnostic and evolutionary studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.