ReviewCritical reviews in toxicology2012
Review of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biomonitoring and epidemiology.
Review in Critical reviews in toxicology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cancer and occupational exposure to pesticides: an umbrella review.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2021Pooled it
- Occupational exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and associated oxidative and genomic biomarkers among soybean farmers: a cross-sectional study.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Inhalation Exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Causes Tracheal Damage-A Study in Rats.Toxics · 2026Article
- Tolerance to Herbicides and Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs of Bacterial Isolates From the Guarani Aquifer System (Brazil).Environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Rapid, Sensitive Detection of the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Juice and Water Samples.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and prostate cancer among U.S. adult men.World journal of urology · 2024Article
- Altered Expression of Thyroid- and Calcium Ion Channels-Related Genes in Rat Testes by Short-Term Exposure to Commercial Herbicides Paraquat or 2,4-D.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- Pesticide exposure and asthma morbidity in children residing in urban, multi-family housing.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- An assessment of exposure to several classes of pesticides in pet dogs and cats from New York, United States.Environment international · 2022Article
- The association between 2,4-D and serum testosterone levels: NHANES 2013-2014.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Article
- Association between increasing agricultural use of 2,4-D and population biomarkers of exposure: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2014.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Exposures to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with or without endotoxin upregulate small cell lung cancer pathway.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2021Article
- Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid by TiOEnvironmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Salivary Concentrations for Noninvasive Biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D).Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2019Article
- 2,4-D causes oxidative stress induction and apoptosis in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Article
- Establishing a role for environmental toxicant exposure induced epigenetic remodeling in malignant transformation.Seminars in cancer biology · 2019Review
- Prenatal exposure to the herbicide 2,4-D is associated with deficits in auditory processing during infancy.Environmental research · 2019Article
- Parameter optimization and degradation mechanism for electrocatalytic degradation of 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide by lead dioxide electrodes.RSC advances · 2019Article
- Evaluation of non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva.Toxicology · 2018Article
- High photocatalytic activity of FeBeilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A qualitative review of the epidemiological literature on the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and health after 2001 is presented. In order to compare the exposure of the general population, bystanders and occupational groups, their urinary levels were also reviewed. In the general population, 2,4-D exposure is at or near the level of detection (LOD). Among individuals with indirect exposure, i.e. bystanders, the urinary 2,4-D levels were also very low except in individuals with opportunity for direct contact with the herbicide. Occupational exposure, where exposure was highest, was positively correlated with behaviors related to the mixing, loading and applying process and use of personal protection. Information from biomonitoring studies increases our understanding of the validity of the exposure estimates used in epidemiology studies. The 2,4-D epidemiology literature after 2001 is broad and includes studies of cancer, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In general, a few publications have reported statistically significant associations. However, most lack precision and the results are not replicated in other independent studies. In the context of biomonitoring, the epidemiology data give no convincing or consistent evidence for any chronic adverse effect of 2,4-D in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.