ArticlePloS one2012
Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of secondhand smoke on air quality in partially enclosed outdoor hospitality venues: a review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in open and semi-open settings: a systematic review.Environmental health perspectives · 2013Pooled it
- Particle Exposure Hazards of Visiting Outdoor Smoking Areas for Patients with Asthma or COPD Even in EU Countries with Comprehensive Smokefree Laws.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure According to Location of Home Smoking in Israel: Findings from the Project Zero Exposure Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Outdoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure Around a Public Smoking Area: Formative Field Study Using Passive Wi-Fi Packet Sensing.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional study of knowledge about secondhand smoke-attributed diseases, awareness, and applicability of the smoking control law in a southern province of Thailand.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Smoking Attitudes and Behaviors Among Adolescents in the Gaza Strip: Findings From the 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
- Secondhand smoke exposure in public outdoor spaces in the Netherlands: The stronger the smell, the more exposure to nicotine.Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- The Economics of Tobacco Regulation: A Comprehensive Review.Journal of economic literature · 2022Article
- Secondhand smoke exposure assessment in outdoor hospitality venues across 11 European countries.Environmental research · 2021Article
- Ubiquitous atmospheric contamination by tobacco smoke: Nicotine and a new marker for tobacco smoke-derived particulate matter, nicotelline.Environment international · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Secondhand Smoke Using PM2.5 and Observations in a Random Stratified Sample in Hospitality Venues from 12 Cities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke at Airport Terminals.Journal of environmental and public health · 2019Article
- Thirdhand Smoke: New Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions.Chemical research in toxicology · 2017Article
- Awareness and compliance to anti-smoking law in South Bengaluru, India.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2017Article
- Monitoring an outdoor smoking area by means of PMEnvironmental science and pollution research international · 2016Article
- National and State-Specific Attitudes toward Smoke-Free Parks among U.S. Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Scientific Evidence Supporting Policy Change: A Study on Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Non-smoking Areas of PC Rooms in Korea.Cancer research and treatment · 2016Article
- Article
- Tobacco control policies in outdoor areas of high volume American transit systems.Journal of community health · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOutdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SHS exposure in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues and to evaluate their potential displacement to adjacent indoor areas.
methodsNicotine and respirable particles (PM2.5) were measured in outdoor and indoor areas of hospitality venues of 8 European countries. Hospitality venues of the study included night bars, restaurants and bars. The fieldwork was carried out between March 2009 and March 2011.
resultsWe gathered 170 nicotine and 142 PM2.5 measurements during the study. The median indoor SHS concentration was significantly higher in venues where smoking was allowed (nicotine 3.69 µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51 µg/m3) than in those where smoking was banned (nicotine: 0.48 µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90 µg/m3). The median outdoor nicotine concentration was higher in places where indoor smoking was banned (1.56 µg/m3) than in venues where smoking was allowed (0.31 µg/m3). Among the different types of outdoor areas, the highest median outdoor SHS levels (nicotine: 4.23 µg/m3, PM2.5: 43.64 µg/m3) were found in the semi-closed outdoor areas of venues where indoor smoking was banned.
conclusionsBanning indoor smoking seems to displace SHS exposure to adjacent outdoor areas. Furthermore, indoor settings where smoking is banned but which have a semi-closed outdoor area have higher levels of SHS than those with open outdoor areas, possibly indicating that SHS also drifts from outdoors to indoors. Current legislation restricting indoor SHS levels seems to be insufficient to protect hospitality workers--and patrons--from SHS exposure. Tobacco-free legislation should take these results into account and consider restrictions in the terraces of some hospitality venues to ensure effective protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.