ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2012
Sequencing papaya X and Yh chromosomes reveals molecular basis of incipient sex chromosome evolution.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 164 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
164 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 316 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plant sex chromosomes defy evolutionary models of expanding recombination suppression and genetic degeneration.Nature plants · 2021Pooled it
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- Transposons drove the evolution of a male sex-determining gene from a female gene with deep introgression across cichlids.Science advances · 2026Article
- Basis of apomixis in flowering plants - state of the art and research perspectives.Plant reproduction · 2026Review
- Subfunctionalization ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Recreating viable YYNature communications · 2026Article
- Identification of a GA-RelatedPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mitotic karyotyping and FISH mapping of the gender-specific locus indicate an advanced XY system inJournal of genetics · 2026Article
- Analyses of contiguous reference genomes of Amaranthus tuberculatus highlight the landscape of the sex-associated region and PEBP gene family diversity.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- A Chromosome Inversion Creates a Supergene for Sex and Colour in Lake Malawi Cichlids.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Beautiful and delicious mutants: The origins, fates, and benefits of molecular sequence variation in plant evolution and breeding.Plant physiology · 2025Review
- Evolutionary conservation of the grape sex-determining region in angiosperms and emergence of dioecy in Vitaceae.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) has an XY sex chromosome system with polymorphic inversions on both X and Y chromosomes.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- The dynamic regulatory network of stamens and pistils in papaya.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- TheScience (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- The genome of Hippophae salicifolia provides new insights into the sexual differentiation of sea buckthorn.GigaScience · 2025Article
- Investigation of sex determination in starry flounder (Zoological research · 2024Article
- Pan-genome analysis of 13 Spinacia accessions reveals structural variations associated with sex chromosome evolution and domestication traits in spinach.Plant biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Allopolyploidization from two dioecious ancestors leads to recurrent evolution of sex chromosomes.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Carica papaya L. sex chromosome review and physical mapping of the serk 2, svp-like and mdar 4 sequences.Scientific reports · 2024Article
104 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sex determination in papaya is controlled by a recently evolved XY chromosome pair, with two slightly different Y chromosomes controlling the development of males (Y) and hermaphrodites (Y(h)). To study the events of early sex chromosome evolution, we sequenced the hermaphrodite-specific region of the Y(h) chromosome (HSY) and its X counterpart, yielding an 8.1-megabase (Mb) HSY pseudomolecule, and a 3.5-Mb sequence for the corresponding X region. The HSY is larger than the X region, mostly due to retrotransposon insertions. The papaya HSY differs from the X region by two large-scale inversions, the first of which likely caused the recombination suppression between the X and Y(h) chromosomes, followed by numerous additional chromosomal rearrangements. Altogether, including the X and/or HSY regions, 124 transcription units were annotated, including 50 functional pairs present in both the X and HSY. Ten HSY genes had functional homologs elsewhere in the papaya autosomal regions, suggesting movement of genes onto the HSY, whereas the X region had none. Sequence divergence between 70 transcripts shared by the X and HSY revealed two evolutionary strata in the X chromosome, corresponding to the two inversions on the HSY, the older of which evolved about 7.0 million years ago. Gene content differences between the HSY and X are greatest in the older stratum, whereas the gene content and order of the collinear regions are identical. Our findings support theoretical models of early sex chromosome evolution.
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