ReviewReviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders2012
Inflammation, leukocytes and menstruation.
Review in Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 245 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic significance of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2023Pooled it
- The link between intrauterine adhesions and impaired reproductive performance: a systematic review of the literature.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Pooled it
- The Role of Macrophages in Oocyte Donation Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of sitagliptin on endometrial mesenchymal stem-like progenitor cells: A randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled feasibility trial.EBioMedicine · 2020Trial
- The role of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for menstrual pain relief: A randomized control trial.Women's health (London, England)Trial
- Implantation Outcome-Specific Associations Between Stromal Senescence and the Endometrial Microbiota.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Menstrual Profiles and Cardiovascular Markers Among a Cohort of Female Adolescent Athletes.International journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Effect of Hormonal Contraceptives on Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation, Chemotaxis, Angiogenesis, and Vascular Stress.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Observational
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Expression of circulating GRP78 and gp96, endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins, in menstrual and bladder pain sensitivity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Physical and Mental Recovery for Female Footballers: Considerations and Approaches for Better Practice.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- The Positive Roles for Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Reproduction; Implications for the Therapeutic Application of Antioxidants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mucosal Dynamics Contributing to Innate Immune Responses to HIV in the Human Female Genital Tract.Viruses · 2026Review
- Innate Immune Protection Against HIV in the Female Genital Tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Peritoneal cavity-derived GATA6Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Serum Proteomics of Multiple Menstrual Symptoms in Female Athletes: A Pilot Study.FASEB bioAdvances · 2026Article
- An Overview of the Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Nutrient Metabolism: An Integrative Perspective.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Primary Endometrial Lymphomas: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Increased C-Reactive Protein Concentrations During Menstruation May Be Important for the Pathophysiology of Endometriosis and Possibly for Adhesion Formation-A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Menstruation has many of the features of an inflammatory process. The complexity and sequence of inflammatory-type events leading to the final tissue breakdown and bleeding are slowly being unravelled. Progesterone has anti-inflammatory properties, and its rapidly declining levels (along with those of estrogen) in the late secretory phase of each non-conception cycle, initiates a sequence of interdependent events of an inflammatory nature involving local inter-cellular interactions within the endometrium. Intracellular responses to loss of progesterone (in decidualized stromal, vascular and epithelial cells) lead to decreased prostaglandin metabolism and loss of protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS results in release of NFκB from suppression with activation of target gene transcription and increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The resultant leukocyte recruitment, with changing phenotypes and activation, provide further degradative enzymes and MMP activators, which together with a hypoxic environment induced by prostaglandin actions, lead to the tissue breakdown and bleeding characteristic of menstruation. In parallel, at sites where shedding is complete, microenvironmentally-induced changes in phenotypes of neutrophils and macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory, in addition to induction of growth factors, contribute to the very rapid re-epithelialization and restoration of tissue integrity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.