ReviewJournal of applied oral science : revista FOB
Mechanisms of action of systemic antibiotics used in periodontal treatment and mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs.
Review in Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- Indocyanine green-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical oral investigations · 2021Pooled it
- Combined effects of nitrate and antimicrobial compounds on in vitro subgingival biofilms.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Novel approaches involving curcumin in endodontic and periodontal diseases: a scoping review.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- A Thermosensitive Hydrogel Embedded with Metronidazole-Derived Carbon Dots for Antibacterial Treatment of Periodontitis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- The neovaginal microbiota, symptoms, and local immune correlates in transfeminine individuals with penile inversion vaginoplasty.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Genistein in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis: A Review.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Review
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- Efficacy of Laser Therapy for Grade C Periodontitis in Young Individuals.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Critical Chest Wall Necrotizing Fasciitis Triggered by Herpes Zoster: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- An in vitro evaluation of the effect of antimicrobial treatment on bovine mammary microbiota.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Traditionally Fermented Foods as a Critical Risk Factor for Host Gut Antibiotic Resistome.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Microbial lipopeptides: their pharmaceutical and biotechnological potential, applications, and way forward.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2024Review
- Emergence of Antibiotic-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Local and Environmental Reservoirs ofGeoHealth · 2023Article
- Propylene Glycol Potentiates the Inhibitory Action of CTZ Paste on Antibiotic-ResistantMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Bactericidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles on Oral Biofilms Related to Patients with and without Periodontal Disease.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2023Article
- Nanotechnology Involved in Treating Urinary Tract Infections: An Overview.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Relationship between Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance of Subgingival Biofilm Samples in Patients with Periodontitis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibiotics are important adjuncts in the treatment of infectious diseases, including periodontitis. The most severe criticisms to the indiscriminate use of these drugs are their side effects and, especially, the development of bacterial resistance. The knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved with the antibiotic usage would help the medical and dental communities to overcome these two problems. Therefore, the aim of this manuscript was to review the mechanisms of action of the antibiotics most commonly used in the periodontal treatment (i.e. penicillin, tetracycline, macrolide and metronidazole) and the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs. Antimicrobial resistance can be classified into three groups: intrinsic, mutational and acquired. Penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin are broad-spectrum drugs, effective against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial resistance to penicillin may occur due to diminished permeability of the bacterial cell to the antibiotic; alteration of the penicillin-binding proteins, or production of β-lactamases. However, a very small proportion of the subgingival microbiota is resistant to penicillins. Bacteria become resistant to tetracyclines or macrolides by limiting their access to the cell, by altering the ribosome in order to prevent effective binding of the drug, or by producing tetracycline/macrolide-inactivating enzymes. Periodontal pathogens may become resistant to these drugs. Finally, metronidazole can be considered a prodrug in the sense that it requires metabolic activation by strict anaerobe microorganisms. Acquired resistance to this drug has rarely been reported. Due to these low rates of resistance and to its high activity against the gram-negative anaerobic bacterial species, metronidazole is a promising drug for treating periodontal infections.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.