ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2012
Airway epithelial expression of TLR5 is downregulated in healthy smokers and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sequencing and Analysis of Chicken Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Genome Revealed Unique Avian-Specific Features.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Review
- Promoting immune defensive responses of epithelial cells in airway disease.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Review
- Immunity and Coagulation in COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Recombinant Domain of Flagellin Promotes In Vitro a Chemotactic Inflammatory Profile in Human Immune Cells Independently of a Dendritic Cell Phenotype.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Modulation of mouse laryngeal inflammatory and immune cell responses by low and high doses of mainstream cigarette smoke.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Deciphering Respiratory-Virus-Associated Interferon Signaling in COPD Airway Epithelium.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- mTOR-driven glycolysis governs induction of innate immune responses by bronchial epithelial cells exposed to the bacterial component flagellin.Mucosal immunology · 2021Article
- Phosphatidylserine inside out: a possible underlying mechanism in the inflammation and coagulation abnormalities of COVID-19.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2020Review
- ACE2/ADAM17/TMPRSS2 Interplay May Be the Main Risk Factor for COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Association of Cigarette Smoking, COPD, and Lung Cancer With Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes in Human Airway Epithelial Cells.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Article
- Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Review
- The EGFR-ADAM17 Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cystic Fibrosis Lung Pathology.Mediators of inflammation · 2018Review
- TLR5: beyond the recognition of flagellin.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2017Article
- Human β-defensin-2 production upon viral and bacterial co-infection is attenuated in COPD.PloS one · 2017Article
- Are healthy smokers really healthy?Tobacco induced diseases · 2016Review
- SEGEL: A Web Server for Visualization of Smoking Effects on Human Lung Gene Expression.PloS one · 2015Article
- Early events in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking-induced reprogramming of airway epithelial basal progenitor cells.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2014Review
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The TLRs are important components of the respiratory epithelium host innate defense, enabling the airway surface to recognize and respond to a variety of insults in inhaled air. On the basis of the knowledge that smokers are more susceptible to pulmonary infection and that the airway epithelium of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by bacterial colonization and acute exacerbation of airway infections, we assessed whether smoking alters expression of TLRs in human small airway epithelium, the primary site of smoking-induced disease. Microarrays were used to survey the TLR family gene expression in small airway (10th to 12th order) epithelium from healthy nonsmokers (n = 60), healthy smokers (n = 73), and smokers with COPD (n = 36). Using the criteria of detection call of present (P call) ≥ 50%, 6 of 10 TLRs (TLRs 1-5 and 8) were expressed. Compared with nonsmokers, the most striking change was for TLR5, which was downregulated in healthy smokers (1.4-fold, p < 10⁻¹⁰) and smokers with COPD (1.6-fold, p < 10⁻¹¹). TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed these observations. Bronchial biopsy immunofluorescence studies showed that TLR5 was expressed mainly on the apical side of the epithelium and was decreased in healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. In vitro, the level of TLR5 downstream genes, IL-6 and IL-8, was highly induced by flagellin in TLR5 high-expressing cells compared with TLR5 low-expressing cells. In the context that TLR5 functions to recognize pathogens and activate innate immune responses, the smoking-induced downregulation of TLR5 may contribute to smoking-related susceptibility to airway infection, at least for flagellated bacteria.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.