ArticleInnate immunity2013
Mouse estrous cycle regulation of vaginal versus uterine cytokines, chemokines, α-/β-defensins and TLRs.
Article in Innate immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of diestrus duration and temporal gene expression patterns in vaginal smear samples from pseudopregnant rats induced by sonic vibration or mating with vasectomized males.Laboratory animal research · 2026Article
- Whole-Transcriptome Profiling of Ovarian Tissues in Gilts with Normal Estrus and Follicular Cyst-Associated Anestrus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- An IL-1, IL-17, and IL-22 cytokine circuit controls vulvovaginal candidiasis independently of estrogen.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Biphasic Regulation of Epithelial Antimicrobial Peptides DuringJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hormonal regulation of cochlear gene expression: effects of the estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estradiol treatment.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Estrogen-Mediated Regulation of Fam3d in Mouse Uterus During the Estrous Cycle.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Effects of administration of a non-specific immunostimulant prior to mating on pregnancy establishment and fetal and placental development in mice.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Dysregulated proliferation and immune response induced by estrogen in Egr1 knockout uterus are similar to those in immature uterus.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Locally administered nanosuspension increases delivery of estradiol for the treatment of vaginal atrophy in mice.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Lack of Annexin A1 Exacerbates Inflammatory Response in Acute Endometritis Model.Inflammation · 2024Article
- Ovarian sex steroid and epithelial control of immune responses in the uterus and oviduct: human and animal models†.Biology of reproduction · 2024Article
- Microbial, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling of the estrous cycle in wild house mice.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Safety of multiple administrations of spermicidal LL-37 antimicrobial peptide into the mouse female reproductive tract.Molecular human reproduction · 2023Article
- Article
- Reproductive microbiome and cytokine profiles associated with fertility outcomes of postpartum beef cows.Journal of animal science · 2023Article
- Estrogen Action in the Epithelial Cells of the Mouse Vagina Regulates Neutrophil Infiltration and Vaginal Tissue Integrity.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Estradiol alters the immune-responsiveness of cervical epithelial cells stimulated with ligands of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4.PloS one · 2017Article
- Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2016Review
- Flagellin is a strong vaginal adjuvant of a therapeutic vaccine for genital cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This study investigates the cyclic changes in innate immunity in the female reproductive tract (FRT) of mice during the estrous cycle. By examining uterine and vaginal tissues and secretions we show that innate immunity varies with the stage of the estrous cycle and site in the FRT. Secretions from the uterine lumen contained cytokines and chemokines that were significantly higher at proestrus and estrus relative to that measured at diestrus. In contrast, analysis of vaginal secretions indicated that only IL-1β and CXCL1/mouse KC changed during the cycle, with highest levels measured at diestrus and estrus. In contrast, vaginal α-defensin 2 and β-defensins 1-4 mRNA levels peaked at proestrus and estrus and are expressed 1-4 logs greater than that seen in the uterus. These studies further indicate that TLR5 and TLR12 in the uterus, and TLR1, TLR2, TLR5 and TLR13 in the vagina varies with stage of the estrous cycle, with some peaking at proestrus/estrus and others at diestrus. Overall, these studies indicate that innate immune parameters in the uterus and vagina are separate and discrete, and regulated precisely during the estrous cycle.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.