ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2012
Antibody in middle ear fluid of children originates predominantly from sera and nasopharyngeal secretions.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Higher levels of mucosal antibody to pneumococcal vaccine candidate proteins are associated with reduced acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in young children.Mucosal immunology · 2015Trial
- Biofilm Formation and Its Relationship with the Microbiome in Pediatric Otitis Media.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Relationships between Intestinal Regional Lymph Nodes and Immune Responses in Viral Infections in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Immunoglobulins and Transcription Factors in Otitis Media.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Probing Immune-Mediated Clearance of Acute Middle Ear Infection in Mice.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- A new look at transudation: the apocrine connection.Physiological research · 2020Review
- Expanding the role of bacterial vaccines into life-course vaccination strategies and prevention of antimicrobial-resistant infections.NPJ vaccines · 2020Review
- Pharyngeal Immunity in Early Vertebrates Provides Functional and Evolutionary Insight into Mucosal Homeostasis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2019Article
- Article
- Comparative Profile of Heme Acquisition Genes in Disease-Causing and Colonizing Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
- Divergent mucosal and systemic responses in children in response to acute otitis media.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2014Article
- Differential impact of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus on the frequency of acute otitis media is explained by lower adaptive and innate immune responses in otitis-prone children.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2014Article
- Cellular immune response in young children accounts for recurrent acute otitis media.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The human middle ear is devoid of any immunocompetent cells in normal mucosa. We sought to determine the source of antibody present in the middle ear of children. Total IgG, IgA, and secretory IgA antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from the nasopharyngeal, middle ear, and serum samples of children with acute otitis media. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis pattern of the entire array of IgA antibodies in the nasal wash (NW) and middle ear fluid (MEF) was compared from the MEF and NW samples using isoelectric focusing and Western blotting. The total IgG and IgA antibodies in the MEF and NW samples of 137 children were compared. The ratio of IgG to IgA in the MEF was significantly different (P < 0.008) compared to NW because IgA levels were higher and IgG levels lower in NW. The IgG/IgA ratio of MEF resembled serum consistent with transudation to the MEF. Small amounts of secretory IgA were detected in MEF but the electrophoresis patterns of the entire array of IgA antibodies in the MEF and NW were virtually identical in each child evaluated; thus, IgA in MEF derived predominantly from serum and the nasopharynx by reflux via the Eustachian tube. The IgG/IgA antibody levels in the MEF and the same composition of IgA antibody in the MEF and NW identifies the predominant source of antibody in the MEF as a transudate of serum combined with nasal secretions refluxed from the nasopharynx in children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.