Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2012
β-Carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2014Trial
- Hidden Hunger in the Age of Abundance: The Nutritional Pitfalls of Modern Staple Crops.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Functional Analysis of the Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Lycopene ε-cyclase (TeLCYe) Promoter in Transgenic Tobacco.Molecular biotechnology · 2019Article
- Compositional Analysis of Genetically Engineered GR2E "Golden Rice" in Comparison to That of Conventional Rice.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2019Article
- Rapid enhancement of α-tocopherol content in3 Biotech · 2018Article
- Use of Stable Isotopes to Evaluate Bioefficacy of Provitamin A Carotenoids, Vitamin A Status, and Bioavailability of Iron and Zinc.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2018Review
- Vitamin A status in healthy women eating traditionally prepared spirulina (Dihé) in the Chad Lake area.PloS one · 2018Observational
- Molecular cloning and expression analysis of two key genes, HDS and HDR, in the MEP pathway in Pyropia haitanensis.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Manipulation of Metabolic Pathways to Develop Vitamin-Enriched Crops for Human Health.Frontiers in plant science · 2017Review
- Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Vitamin A Review.The Journal of nutrition · 2016Review
- Nutritionally enhanced food crops; progress and perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2015Review
- Leukocyte homing, fate, and function are controlled by retinoic acid.Physiological reviews · 2015Review
- Article
- Biotechnology: Against the grain.Nature · 2014Article
- The politics of Golden Rice.GM crops & food · 2014Article
- Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity.Nutrition journal · 2014Review
- Nutrient and nontraditional food intakes by Zambian children in a controlled feeding trial.Food and nutrition bulletin · 2014Article
- Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis.Chemical reviews · 2014Review
- Plant biotechnology for food security and bioeconomy.Plant molecular biology · 2013Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2015-07-29Civil Proceedings · Complaints about Third Party · Conflict of Interest · Ethical Violations by Author · Ethical Violations by Company/Institution/Third Party · Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn · Investigation by Company/Institution · Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s) · Misconduct by Author · Misconduct by Third Party ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGolden Rice (GR) has been genetically engineered to be rich in β-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A.
objectiveThe objective was to compare the vitamin A value of β-carotene in GR and in spinach with that of pure β-carotene in oil when consumed by children.
designChildren (n = 68; age 6-8 y) were randomly assigned to consume GR or spinach (both grown in a nutrient solution containing 23 atom% ²H₂O) or [²H₈]β-carotene in an oil capsule. The GR and spinach β-carotene were enriched with deuterium (²H) with the highest abundance molecular mass (M) at M(β-C)+²H₁₀. [¹³C₁₀]Retinyl acetate in an oil capsule was administered as a reference dose. Serum samples collected from subjects were analyzed by using gas chromatography electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the enrichments of labeled retinol: M(retinol)+4 (from [²H₈]β-carotene in oil), M(retinol)+5 (from GR or spinach [²H₁₀]β-carotene), and M(retinol)+10 (from [¹³C₁₀]retinyl acetate).
resultsUsing the response to the dose of [¹³C₁₀]retinyl acetate (0.5 mg) as a reference, our results (with the use of AUC of molar enrichment at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the labeled doses) showed that the conversions of pure β-carotene (0.5 mg), GR β-carotene (0.6 mg), and spinach β-carotene (1.4 mg) to retinol were 2.0, 2.3, and 7.5 to 1 by weight, respectively.
conclusionsThe β-carotene in GR is as effective as pure β-carotene in oil and better than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children. A bowl of ~100 to 150 g cooked GR (50 g dry weight) can provide ~60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamin A for 6-8-y-old children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.