ArticlePloS one2012
Silibinin inhibits HIV-1 infection by reducing cellular activation and proliferation.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Silymarin Attenuates Arthritis and Myositis in a Murine Model of Acute Infection by Chikungunya and Mayaro Viruses.ACS infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome-induced metabolites promote the role of Silybin as adjunctive drug in HIV-positive immunological nonresponders.Gut microbes reports · 2025Article
- Effects and Mechanisms of Silibinin on Influenza A/H1N1 Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review on the Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Potential of Silybin.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Metabolic profiling of milk thistle different organs using UPLC-TQD-MS/MS coupled to multivariate analysis in relation to their selective antiviral potential.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Fighting nature with nature: antiviral compounds that target retroviruses.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Protective role of flavonoids quercetin and silymarin in the viral-associated inflammatory bowel disease: an updated review.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- In silico and in vitro evaluation of silibinin: a promising anti-Chikungunya agent.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2022Article
- Antiviral Activities of Silymarin and Derivatives.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- A New Class of Synthetic Flavonolignan-Like Dimers: Still Few Molecules, but with Attractive Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Article
- Review
- HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Review
- Inhibition of HIV by Legalon-SIL is independent of its effect on cellular metabolism.Virology · 2014Article
- Effect of silibinin in reducing inflammatory pathways in in vitro and in vivo models of infection-induced preterm birth.PloS one · 2014Article
- Identification of 23-(s)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-silybin as an antiviral agent for influenza A virus infection in vitro and in vivo.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2013Article
- Hepatoprotective and antiviral functions of silymarin components in hepatitis C virus infection.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2013Review
- Silymarin for HCV infection.Antiviral therapy · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedStamatatos, Leonidis [corrected to Stamatatos, Leonidas]
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purified silymarin-derived natural products from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum) block hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro. An intravenous formulation of silibinin (SIL), a major component of silymarin, displays anti-HCV effects in humans and also inhibits T-cell proliferation in vitro. We show that SIL inhibited replication of HIV-1 in TZM-bl cells, PBMCs, and CEM cells in vitro. SIL suppression of HIV-1 coincided with dose-dependent reductions in actively proliferating CD19+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells, resulting in fewer CD4+ T cells expressing the HIV-1 co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5. SIL inhibition of T-cell growth was not due to cytotoxicity measured by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or necrosis. SIL also blocked induction of the activation markers CD38, HLA-DR, Ki67, and CCR5 on CD4+ T cells. The data suggest that SIL attenuated cellular functions involved in T-cell activation, proliferation, and HIV-1 infection. Silymarin-derived compounds provide cytoprotection by suppressing virus infection, immune activation, and inflammation, and as such may be relevant for both HIV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected subjects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.