SynthesisPloS one2012
Body iron stores and heme-iron intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total ultra-processed food intake and selected food-group exposures in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Dietary iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.European journal of nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Iron metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2020Pooled it
- Ferritin levels and risk of metabolic syndrome: meta-analysis of observational studies.BMC public health · 2014Pooled it
- Red meat, dietary heme iron, and risk of type 2 diabetes: the involvement of advanced lipoxidation endproducts.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2013Pooled it
- Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes--an updated review of the evidence.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2012Pooled it
- The Role of Iron in Type 1 Diabetes Etiology: A Systematic Review of New Evidence on a Long-Standing Mystery.The review of diabetic studies : RDSPooled it
- Prediabetes Subtypes with Divergent Iron Metabolism Profiles: A Cluster Analysis from Two Cohorts in the United States and China.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- The Role of Cytochrome P450 Holoenzyme Metabolism in the Origin of Neuropathologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Substitution of White Meat for Red Meat and Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study Stratified by Red Meat Intake.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Urinary Ferritin: A Non-inflammatory Iron Marker Linked to Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome Components.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Iron, the Essential Micronutrient: A Comprehensive Review of Regulatory Pathways of Iron Metabolism.Nutrients · 2025Review
- BMI as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Dietary Trace Elements and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from a Rural Cohort.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Comprehensive Overview of Established and Emerging Concepts.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- Dietary Iron Intake and Obesity-related Diseases.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Nonthermal pulsed electric field recellularization in the duodenum for type 2 diabetes mellitus.VideoGIE : an official video journal of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · 2024Article
- Impact of age, sex, and thyroid autoimmunity on the association between selenium intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Study of the Relationship Between Insulin Resistance, Iron Status Markers, and Body Weight in a Sample of Egyptian Population.Current diabetes reviews · 2024Article
- Meat and meat products - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.Food & nutrition research · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveEmerging evidence from biological and epidemiological studies has suggested that body iron stores and heme-iron intake may be related to the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to examine the association of body iron stores and heme-iron intake with T2D risk by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsSystematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted by searching MEDLINE database up to June 22, 2012 to identify studies that analyzed the association of body iron stores or dietary heme-iron intake with T2D risk. The meta-analysis was performed using the effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to calculate the pooled risk estimates, while the heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I(2) and Q statistic.
resultsThe meta-analysis included 16 high-quality studies: 12 studies analyzed ferritin levels (4,366 T2D patients and 41,091 controls) and 4 measured heme-iron intake (9,246 T2D patients and 179,689 controls). The combined relative risk (RR) comparing the highest and lowest category of ferritin levels was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.15-2.39) for prospective studies, 2.29 (95% CI: 1.48-3.54) for cross-sectional studies with heterogeneity (Q = 14.84, p = 0.01, I(2) = 66.3%; Q = 44.16, p<0.001, I(2) = 88.7%). The combined RR comparing the highest and lowest category of heme-iron intake was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.21-1.43) with heterogeneity (Q = 1.39, p = 0.71, I(2) = 0%). No publication bias was found. Additional 15 studies that were of good quality, had significant results, and analyzed the association between body iron stores and T2D risk were qualitatively included in the systematic review.
conclusionsThe meta-analysis and systematic review suggest that increased ferritin levels and heme-iron intake are both associated with higher risk of T2D.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.