Trial reportPloS one2012
Social inequalities and mortality in Europe--results from a large multi-national cohort.
Trial report in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are socio-economic inequalities related to cardiovascular disease risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Pooled it
- The Role of Epigenetic Clocks in Explaining Educational Inequalities in Mortality: A Multicohort Study and Meta-analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Socio-economic and cultural disparities in diet among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Biological marks of early-life socioeconomic experience is detected in the adult inflammatory transcriptome.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Early Cancer Survivorship Distress Trajectories Associated With Socioeconomic Status and Age: Findings From a Multicenter Prospective Study.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Can a smoking cessation app benefit individuals in disadvantaged areas? A qualitative study on motivation, barriers, and perceptions of a digital app.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- [Mental health in the workplace - What role do socioeconomic-, gender-, and migration-related inequalities play?]Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2024Article
- Healthy lifestyle change and all-cause and cancer mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Exploring the contribution of lifestyle to the impact of education on the risk of cancer through Mendelian randomization analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Intra-generational social mobility and mortality among older men in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project: A cohort study.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Associations of current and childhood socioeconomic status and health outcomes amongst patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis in a Mexico City family-practice setting.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Article
- Material and social deprivation associated with public health actual causes of death among older people in Europe: longitudinal and multilevel results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- A longitudinal study evaluating adverse childhood experiences and obesity in adulthood using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022.Nature medicine · 2023Article
- Is there a peer status gradient in mortality? Findings from a Swedish cohort born in 1953 and followed to age 67.European journal of public health · 2023Article
- Social engagement and allostatic load mediate between adverse childhood experiences and multimorbidity in mid to late adulthood: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality between and within countries in Europe: a population-based study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2023Article
- Assessing How Social Exposures Are Integrated in Exposome Research: A Scoping Review.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- The cancer survival index-A prognostic score integrating psychosocial and biological factors in patients diagnosed with cancer or haematologic malignancies.Cancer medicine · 2022Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
43 authors at 20 institutions in 12 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocio-economic inequalities in mortality are observed at the country level in both North America and Europe. The purpose of this work is to investigate the contribution of specific risk factors to social inequalities in cause-specific mortality using a large multi-country cohort of Europeans.
methodsA total of 3,456,689 person/years follow-up of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) was analysed. Educational level of subjects coming from 9 European countries was recorded as proxy for socio-economic status (SES). Cox proportional hazard model's with a step-wise inclusion of explanatory variables were used to explore the association between SES and mortality; a Relative Index of Inequality (RII) was calculated as measure of relative inequality.
resultsTotal mortality among men with the highest education level is reduced by 43% compared to men with the lowest (HR 0.57, 95% C.I. 0.52-0.61); among women by 29% (HR 0.71, 95% C.I. 0.64-0.78). The risk reduction was attenuated by 7% in men and 3% in women by the introduction of smoking and to a lesser extent (2% in men and 3% in women) by introducing body mass index and additional explanatory variables (alcohol consumption, leisure physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake) (3% in men and 5% in women). Social inequalities were highly statistically significant for all causes of death examined in men. In women, social inequalities were less strong, but statistically significant for all causes of death except for cancer-related mortality and injuries. DISCUSSION: In this European study, substantial social inequalities in mortality among European men and women which cannot be fully explained away by accounting for known common risk factors for chronic diseases are reported.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.