ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2012
Admixture and recombination among Toxoplasma gondii lineages explain global genome diversity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- HUMAN TOXOPLASMOSIS OUTBREAKS AND THE AGENT INFECTING FORM. FINDINGS FROM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao PauloPooled it
- Evolution ofJournal of parasitology research · 2026Review
- Development of an Immunochromatographic Test with Recombinant MIC2-MIC3 Fusion Protein for Serological Detection ofVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Early upregulation of immune suppressors dominates the macrophage response to Toxoplasma gondii.PloS one · 2025Article
- Role of wild birds in the circulation ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- The GPI sidechain ofmBio · 2024Article
- Knowledge Gaps and Educational Opportunities in Congenital Toxoplasmosis: A Narrative Review of Brazilian and Global Perspectives.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
- Effective factors in the pathogenesis ofHeliyon · 2024Review
- Far-East Asian Toxoplasma isolates share ancestry with North and South/Central American recombinant lineages.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Eimeria zuernii (Eimeriidae: Coccidia): mitochondrial genome and genetic diversity in the Chinese yak.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Variation in CD8 T cell IFNγ differentiation to strains ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- A unique Toxoplasma gondii haplotype accompanied the global expansion of cats.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Development of an Immunochromatographic Test Based on Rhoptry Protein 14 for Serological Detection ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in wastewater and surface water in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China using real-time PCR and multilocus genotyping.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Review
- A novel fragmented mitochondrial genome in the protist pathogenGenome research · 2021Article
- Direct Nanopore Sequencing of mRNA Reveals Landscape of Transcript Isoforms in Apicomplexan Parasites.mSystems · 2021Article
- Article
- Naïve CD8 T cell IFNγ responses to a vacuolar antigen are regulated by an inflammasome-independent NLRP3 pathway and Toxoplasma gondii ROP5.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- The molecular biology and immune control of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals and causes severe disease in immunocompromised and immune-naïve humans. It has an unusual global population structure: In North America and Europe, isolated strains fall predominantly into four largely clonal lineages, but in South America there is great genetic diversity and the North American clonal lineages are rarely found. Genetic variation between Toxoplasma strains determines differences in virulence, modulation of host-signaling pathways, growth, dissemination, and disease severity in mice and likely in humans. Most studies on Toxoplasma genetic variation have focused on either a few loci in many strains or low-resolution genome analysis of three clonal lineages. We use whole-genome sequencing to identify a large number of SNPs between 10 Toxoplasma strains from Europe and North and South America. These were used to identify haplotype blocks (genomic regions) shared between strains and construct a Toxoplasma haplotype map. Additional SNP analysis of RNA-sequencing data of 26 Toxoplasma strains, representing global diversity, allowed us to construct a comprehensive genealogy for Toxoplasma gondii that incorporates sexual recombination. These data show that most current isolates are recent recombinants and cannot be easily grouped into a limited number of haplogroups. A complex picture emerges in which some genomic regions have not been recently exchanged between any strains, and others recently spread from one strain to many others.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.