ArticlePloS one2012
Which interventions offer best value for money in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Offering a lifestyle intervention to women of premenopausal age as primary prevention for cardiovascular disease? - assessing its cost-effectiveness.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2022Pooled it
- Are Office-Based Workplace Interventions Designed to Reduce Sitting Time Cost-Effective Primary Prevention Measures for Cardiovascular Disease? A Systematic Review and Modelled Economic Evaluation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of salt reduction to prevent hypertension and CVD: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2017Pooled it
- Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- A systematic review of economic evaluations of population-based sodium reduction interventions.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- [Spanish Adaptation of the 2016 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2016Guideline
- Guideline
- Evidence for cost-effectiveness of lifestyle primary preventions for cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: a systematic review.Globalization and health · 2014Pooled it
- The efficacy and tolerability of 'polypills': meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.PloS one · 2012Pooled it
- Evaluation of public health and economic impacts of dietary salt reduction initiatives on social security expenditures for cardiovascular disease control in Japan.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Review
- Public health economic modelling in evaluations of salt and/or alcohol policies: a systematic scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Estimated Population Health Benefits of Intensive Systolic Blood Pressure Treatment Among SPRINT-Eligible US Adults.American journal of hypertension · 2023Article
- Article
- Economic effects of dietary salt reduction policies for cardiovascular disease prevention in Japan: a simulation study of hypothetical scenarios.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Simulation Modeling for the Economic Evaluation of Population-Based Dietary Policies: A Systematic Scoping Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- The cost-effectiveness of government actions to reduce sodium intake through salt substitutes in Vietnam.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2021Article
- Gazing through time and beyond the health sector: Insights from a system dynamics model of cardiovascular disease in Australia.PloS one · 2021Article
- Article
- The impact of food reformulation on nutrient intakes and health, a systematic review of modelling studies.BMC nutrition · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite many decades of declining mortality rates in the Western world, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. In this research we evaluate the optimal mix of lifestyle, pharmaceutical and population-wide interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND
findingsIn a discrete time Markov model we simulate the ischaemic heart disease and stroke outcomes and cost impacts of intervention over the lifetime of all Australian men and women, aged 35 to 84 years, who have never experienced a heart disease or stroke event. Best value for money is achieved by mandating moderate limits on salt in the manufacture of bread, margarine and cereal. A combination of diuretic, calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor and low-cost statin, for everyone with at least 5% five-year risk of cardiovascular disease, is also cost-effective, but lifestyle interventions aiming to change risky dietary and exercise behaviours are extremely poor value for money and have little population health benefit.
conclusionsThere is huge potential for improving efficiency in cardiovascular disease prevention in Australia. A tougher approach from Government to mandating limits on salt in processed foods and reducing excessive statin prices, and a shift away from lifestyle counselling to more efficient absolute risk-based prescription of preventive drugs, could cut health care costs while improving population health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.