ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2012
Fragment C of tetanus toxin: new insights into its neuronal signaling pathway.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02999815 (Intrathecal Immunoglobulin for Treatment of Adult Patients With Tetanus), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Intrathecal Immunoglobulin for Treatment of Adult Patients With Tetanus: a Randomized Controlled 2x2 Factorial Trial
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- C-terminal Domain of the Heavy Chain of Tetanus Toxin Ameliorate Lipopolysaccharide Induced Hemiparkinsonism in Rats.Neurotoxicity research · 2026Article
- The tyrosine phosphatases LAR and PTPRδ act as receptors of the nidogen-tetanus toxin complex.The EMBO journal · 2024Article
- Modeling the Interictal Epileptic State for Therapeutic Development with Tetanus Toxin.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- High-Throughput IgG Epitope Mapping of Tetanus Neurotoxin: Implications for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Design.Toxins · 2023Article
- Tetanus Toxin Fragment C: Structure, Drug Discovery Research and Production.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Streamlining Peptide Mapping LC-MS Approach for Studying Fusion Peptide-Conjugated Vaccine Immunogens.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2021Article
- Confocal Endomicroscopy of Neuromuscular Junctions Stained with Physiologically Inert Protein Fragments of Tetanus Toxin.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Interaction between a Novel Oligopeptide Fragment of the Human Neurotrophin Receptor TrkB Ectodomain D5 and the C-Terminal Fragment of Tetanus Neurotoxin.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Preconditioning With Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Attenuates Stroke Damage and Modulates Endocytosis in Residual Neurons.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Vaccine Formulation and Optimization for Human Herpes Virus-5 through an Immunoinformatics Framework.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2020Article
- An oligoclonal combination of human monoclonal antibodies able to neutralize tetanus toxinToxicon: X · 2019Article
- Tetanus toxin fragments and Bcl-2 fusion proteins: cytoprotection and retrograde axonal migration.BMC biotechnology · 2018Article
- Kinase-dependent Regulation of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters.Pharmacological reviews · 2016Review
- A peptide-linked recombinant glucocerebrosidase for targeted neuronal delivery: Design, production, and assessment.Journal of biotechnology · 2016Article
- Neuroprotective Effect of Non-viral Gene Therapy Treatment Based on Tetanus Toxin C-fragment in a Severe Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2016Article
- siRNA screen of ES cell-derived motor neurons identifies novel regulators of tetanus toxin and neurotrophin receptor trafficking.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
When Clostridium tetani was discovered and identified as a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium of the genus Clostridium, the possibility of turning its toxin into a valuable biological carrier to ameliorate neurodegenerative processes was inconceivable. However, the non-toxic carboxy-terminal fragment of the tetanus toxin heavy chain (fragment C) can be retrogradely transported to the central nervous system; therefore, fragment C has been used as a valuable biological carrier of neurotrophic factors to ameliorate neurodegenerative processes. More recently, the neuroprotective properties of fragment C have also been described in vitro and in vivo, involving the activation of Akt kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades through neurotrophin tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Although the precise mechanism of the molecular internalization of fragment C in neuronal cells remains unknown, fragment C could be internalized and translocated into the neuronal cytosol through a clathrin-mediated pathway dependent on proteins, such as dynamin and AP-2. In this review, the origins, molecular properties and possible signaling pathways of fragment C are reviewed to understand the biochemical characteristics of its intracellular and synaptic transport.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.