SynthesisDiabetes care2012
Breast-feeding and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies.
Synthesis in Diabetes care, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Associations of breastfeeding with maternal and child health outcomes: umbrella review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Breastfeeding Affects Concentration of Faecal Short Chain Fatty Acids During the First Year of Life: Results of the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Offspring Born through Elective or Non-elective Caesarean Section in Comparison to Vaginal Delivery: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Current diabetes reports · 2019Pooled it
- The Long-Term Effects of Dietary Nutrient Intakes during the First 2 Years of Life in Healthy Infants from Developed Countries: An Umbrella Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2019Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations.Nature communications · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of antenatal milk expressing for women with diabetes in pregnancy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2014Trial
- Diet, gut microbiome, and type 1 diabetes: from risk to translational opportunity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Rotavirus Infection as a Contributor to Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Review and Recommendations.Viruses · 2026Review
- Association of exclusive breast feeding and early cereal introduction with the development of Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Trends in breastfeeding duration in Korea from 2007 to 2022 and implications for low-birth-weight infants: a repeated cross-sectional study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Impact of breastfeeding at 4-6 months of age on preschool neurodevelopmental outcomes: a nationwide population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Are We Ready With Prevention for Type 1 Diabetes?Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and duration of breastfeeding in children under 14 years of age: a nationwide community-based cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- The Current Landscape for Screening and Monitoring of Early-Stage Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2025Review
- Breastfeeding and Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A microbial symphony: a literature review of the factors that orchestrate the colonization dynamics of the human colonic microbiome during infancy and implications for future health.Microbiome research reports · 2025Review
- Role of breastfeeding in disease prevention.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Exploring the causal effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels on the risk of type 1 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
33 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate if there is a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in children breastfed or exclusively breastfed by performing a pooled analysis with adjustment for recognized confounders. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsRelevant studies were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of relevant studies were asked to provide individual participant data or conduct prespecified analyses. Meta-analysis techniques were used to combine odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies.
resultsData were available from 43 studies including 9,874 patients with type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was a reduction in the risk of diabetes after exclusive breast-feeding for >2 weeks (20 studies; OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88), the association after exclusive breast-feeding for >3 months was weaker (30 studies; OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.00), and no association was observed after (nonexclusive) breast-feeding for >2 weeks (28 studies; OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.07) or >3 months (29 studies; OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-1.00). These associations were all subject to marked heterogeneity (I(2) = 58, 76, 54, and 68%, respectively). In studies with lower risk of bias, the reduced risk after exclusive breast-feeding for >2 weeks remained (12 studies; OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99), and heterogeneity was reduced (I(2) = 0%). Adjustments for potential confounders altered these estimates very little.
conclusionsThe pooled analysis suggests weak protective associations between exclusive breast-feeding and type 1 diabetes risk. However, these findings are difficult to interpret because of the marked variation in effect and possible biases (particularly recall bias) inherent in the included studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.