ArticleJournal of virology2012
Eastern chimpanzees, but not bonobos, represent a simian immunodeficiency virus reservoir.
Article in Journal of virology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Taxonomic variation in immune response strategies among primates.Genes and immunity · 2025Review
- Evolutionary characterization of antiviral SAMD9/9L across kingdoms supports ancient convergence and lineage-specific adaptations.Nature ecology & evolution · 2025Article
- Ancient convergence with prokaryote defense and recent adaptations to lentiviruses in primates characterize the ancestral immune factors SAMD9s.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Replicative fitness and pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses in lymphoid tissue, primary human and chimpanzee cells: relation to possible jumps to humans.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- Barriers to chimpanzee gene flow at the south-east edge of their distribution.Molecular ecology · 2023Article
- Widespread extinctions of co-diversified primate gut bacterial symbionts from humans.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- Malaria-driven adaptation of MHC class I in wild bonobo populations.Nature communications · 2023Article
- A low-cost genomics workflow enables isolate screening and strain-level analyses within microbiomes.Genome biology · 2022Article
- The ecology and epidemiology of malaria parasitism in wild chimpanzee reservoirs.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Walk on the wild side: SIV infection in African non-human primate hosts-from the field to the laboratory.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2: Patterns in the evolution of two pandemic pathogens.Cell host & microbe · 2021Review
- CD4 receptor diversity represents an ancient protection mechanism against primate lentiviruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Review
- Site-Specific Evolutionary Rate Shifts in HIV-1 and SIV.Viruses · 2020Article
- The HLA A03 Supertype and SeveralJournal of virology · 2020Article
- Cynomolgus macaque IL37 polymorphism and control of SIV infection.Scientific reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 14 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chimpanzees in west central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpzPtt) that have crossed the species barrier to humans and gorillas on at least five occasions, generating pandemic and nonpandemic forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as well as gorilla SIV (SIVgor). Chimpanzees in east Africa (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are also infected with SIVcpz; however, their viruses (SIVcpzPts) have never been found in humans. To examine whether this is due to a paucity of natural infections, we used noninvasive methods to screen wild-living eastern chimpanzees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Uganda, and Rwanda. We also screened bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the DRC, a species not previously tested for SIV in the wild. Fecal samples (n = 3,108) were collected at 50 field sites, tested for species and subspecies origin, and screened for SIVcpz antibodies and nucleic acids. Of 2,565 samples from eastern chimpanzees, 323 were antibody positive and 92 contained viral RNA. The antibody-positive samples represented 76 individuals from 19 field sites, all sampled north of the Congo River in an area spanning 250,000 km(2). In this region, SIVcpzPts was common and widespread, with seven field sites exhibiting infection rates of 30% or greater. The overall prevalence of SIVcpzPts infection was 13.4% (95% confidence interval, 10.7% to 16.5%). In contrast, none of the 543 bonobo samples from six sites was antibody positive. All newly identified SIVcpzPts strains clustered in strict accordance to their subspecies origin; however, they exhibited considerable genetic diversity, especially in protein domains known to be under strong host selection pressure. Thus, the absence of SIVcpzPts zoonoses cannot be explained by an insufficient primate reservoir. Instead, greater adaptive hurdles may have prevented the successful colonization of humans by P. t. schweinfurthii viruses.
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