ReviewCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2012
Implication of the β2-microglobulin gene in the generation of tumor escape phenotypes.
Review in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Confirmation that somatic mutations of beta-2 microglobulin correlate with a lack of recurrence in a subset of stage II mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancers from the QUASAR trial.Histopathology · 2019Trial
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: biology, regulatory networks and theranostic prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Immune microenvironment and treatment response of dMMR gastric cancer: Heterogeneity and implications for immunotherapy.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Review
- Reversible downregulation of HLA class I in adenoid cystic carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Predictive Value of Serum β2-Microglobulin for 28-Day Mortality in Sepsis Patients in the Emergency Department.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- The role of B2M in cancer immunotherapy resistance: function, resistance mechanism, and reversal strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Diagnostic Challenges due to a Germline Missense MSH2 Variant in a Patient With Immunotherapy-Responsive Locally Advanced Rectal Adenocarcinoma.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Recent developments in immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tract cancers.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Antigen presentation in cancer - mechanisms and clinical implications for immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2023Review
- Prevalence and Associations of Beta2-Microglobulin Mutations in MSI-H/dMMR Cancers.The oncologist · 2023Article
- Primary and acquired resistance to first-line therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2023Review
- Article
- Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies, and future perspectives for gastric cancer.Seminars in cancer biology · 2022Review
- Tumor Antigenicity and a Pre-Existing Adaptive Immune Response in Advanced BRAF Mutant Colorectal Cancers.Cancers · 2022Article
- The immune-related role of beta-2-microglobulin in melanoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Identification of fatty acid metabolism-related molecular subtype biomarkers and their correlation with immune checkpoints in cutaneous melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Chemotherapy- and Immune-Related Gene Panel in Prognosis Prediction and Immune Microenvironment of SCLC.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Tumor Escape Phenotype in Bladder Cancer Is Associated with Loss of HLA Class I Expression, T-Cell Exclusion and Stromal Changes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Classical MHC molecules present processed peptides from endogenous protein antigens on the cell surface, which allows CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to recognize and respond to the abnormal antigen repertoire of hazardous cells, including tumor cells. The light chain, β2-microglobulin (β2m), is an essential constant component of all trimeric MHC class I molecules. There is convincing evidence that β2m deficiency generates immune escape phenotypes in different tumor entities, with an exceptionally high frequency in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and melanoma. Damage of a single β2m gene by LOH on chromosome 15 may be sufficient to generate a tumor cell precommitted to escape. In addition, this genetic lesion is followed in some tumors by a mutation of the second gene (point mutation or insertion/deletion), which produces a tumor cell unable to express any HLA class I molecule. The pattern of mutations found in microsatellite unstable colorectal carcinoma (MSI-H CRC) and melanoma showed a striking similarity, namely the predominance of frameshift mutations in repetitive CT elements. This review emphasizes common but also distinct molecular mechanisms of β2m loss in both tumor types. It also summarizes recent studies that point to an acquired β2m deficiency in response to cancer immunotherapy, a barrier to successful vaccination or adoptive cellular therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.