ReviewTrends in parasitology2012
T cell exhaustion in protozoan disease.
Review in Trends in parasitology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decoding Leukocyte Dynamics: Functional Biomarkers and Precision Diagnostics in Parasitic Infections.Acta parasitologica · 2026Review
- Natural killer (NK) cells with downregulated activating receptors and IL-10 production promote Trypanosoma cruzi T-cell responses in subjects in the Chronic phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: An exploratory immunological analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Vaccines Against Neglected Diseases: New Promises from Genetically Modified Live-Attenuated Parasites and RNA Vaccines.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- T cell exhaustion inParasite epidemiology and control · 2026Review
- Concomitant immunity in persistent Leishmania infections: could it represent an evolutionary balance and a vaccine target?Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Article
- Impact of co-infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in Leishmania major-parasitized mice on immune modulation and cutaneous leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Serum sPD-1 as a marker of T cell exhaustion in ART-naïve, ART-experienced, and intestinal parasite co-infected HIV-positive adults at the university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Apoptosis: A Key Process ThatJournal of parasitology research · 2025Review
- Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Macrophages Infected withInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and Diarylamidines: The Parasitic Connection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Pandemics and the English Language: Concepts Critical for Conversing About COVID-19.Pathogens & immunity · 2022Article
- Role of the Complement System in the Modulation of T-Cell Responses in Chronic Chagas Disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in ExperimentalFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- The outcomes of polyparasitism in stray cats from Brazilian Midwest assessed by epidemiological, hematological and pathological data.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2022Article
- Exhausted PD-1Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- T Lymphocyte Exhaustion During Human and Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Immune exhaustion in chronic Chagas disease: Pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action of IL-27 in vitro.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Biomechanics of T Cell Dysfunctions in Chronic Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Protozoan parasites cause severe morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide, especially in developing countries where access to chemotherapeutic agents is limited. Although parasites initially evoke a robust immune response, subsequent immunity fails to clear infection, ultimately leading to the chronic stage. This enigmatic situation was initially addressed in chronic viral models, where T cells lose their function, a phenomenon referred to as 'exhaustion'. However, recent studies demonstrate that this paradigm can be extended to protozoan diseases as well, although with notable differences. These studies have revealed that T cell responses generated against Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium sp., and Leishmania sp. can become dysfunctional. This review discusses T cell exhaustion in parasitic infection, mechanisms of development, and a possible role in disease outcome.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.