ArticleRetrovirology2012
Moloney murine leukemia virus glyco-gag facilitates xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus replication through human APOBEC3-independent mechanisms.
Article in Retrovirology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Real-Time PCR Assay to Quantify Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus in Mouse Cells.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Review
- Mouse APOBEC3 interferes with autocatalytic cleavage of murine leukemia virus Pr180gag-pol precursor and inhibits Pr65gag processing.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Recombinant Origins of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Mouse Gammaretroviruses with Polytropic Host Range.Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Human and murine APOBEC3s restrict replication of koala retrovirus by different mechanisms.Retrovirology · 2015Article
- APOBECs and virus restriction.Virology · 2015Review
- N-linked glycosylation protects gammaretroviruses against deamination by APOBEC3 proteins.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- Review
- Antiretroviral restriction factors in mice.Virus research · 2014Review
- Biochemical and biological studies of mouse APOBEC3.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Multiple APOBEC3 restriction factors for HIV-1 and one Vif to rule them all.Journal of molecular biology · 2014Review
- The Nef-like effect of murine leukemia virus glycosylated gag on HIV-1 infectivity is mediated by its cytoplasmic domain and depends on the AP-2 adaptor complex.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Generation of multiple replication-competent retroviruses through recombination between PreXMRV-1 and PreXMRV-2.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Endogenous gammaretrovirus acquisition in Mus musculus subspecies carrying functional variants of the XPR1 virus receptor.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Identification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats.Retrovirology · 2013Article
- Utilization of replication-competent XMRV reporter-viruses reveals severe viral restriction in primary human cells.PloS one · 2013Article
- Host restriction factors in retroviral infection: promises in virus-host interaction.Retrovirology · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOne of the unique features of gammaretroviruses is that they contain an additional extended form of Gag, glyco-gag, which initiates in the leader sequence. MuLV glyco-gag, gPr80Gag, promotes retrovirus replication and disease progression. Although virtually all infectious MuLVs encode glyco-gag, XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) lacks the classical gPr80Gag sequence. We examined XMRV to determine if its leader sequence contains glyco-gag activity, whether the presence of conventional gPr80Gag affects replication of XMRV, and we describe the evolution of glyco-gag-deficient MuLVs in Mus.
resultsWe introduced several mutations disrupting two putative but noncanonical glyco-gag proteins in the leader sequence region in XMRV and found that those mutations did not affect virus release nor susceptibility to the antiviral activity of hA3G (human APOBEC3G). A chimeric XMRV encoding the Moloney MuLV (M-MuLV) leader sequence (MXMRV) demonstrated that M-MuLV glyco-gag facilitated MXMRV release and increased infectivity. Infectivity assays with several cell lines showed that glyco-gag increases XMRV infectivity in all cell lines tested, but the level of this increase varies in different cell lines. Because MuLV glyco-gag counteracts mouse APOBEC3, we investigated whether M-MuLV glyco-gag enhances XMRV infection by counteracting human APOBEC3. Comparison of hAPOBEC3 isoforms expressed in different cell lines indicated that hA3B was the most likely candidate for a restrictive hA3. However over-expression of hA3B showed no enhanced restriction of infection by XMRV compared to MXMRV. Endogenous MuLVs in the sequenced mouse genome were screened for canonical glyco-gag, which was identified in two clades of xenotropic MuLVs (X-MuLVs) and ecotropic MuLVs, but not in other X-MuLVs or in any polytropic MuLVs.
conclusionsM-MuLV glyco-gag facilitates XMRV replication, and the leader sequence region in XMRV does not encode proteins equivalent to M-MuLV glyco-gag. The fact that the ability of glyco-gag to enhance XMRV infection varies in different cell lines suggests a glyco-gag sensitive restrictive factor that further reduces XMRV infectivity. The M-MuLV glyco-gag enhancement for XMRV replication is through a hAPOBEC3 independent mechanism. The absence of glyco-gag in MuLVs carried by western European mice suggests that loss of this sequence is a relatively recent event with limited subspecies distribution.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.