SynthesisAddiction (Abingdon, England)2012
Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among people who inject drugs: an international systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Missing assent: a global systematic review of ethical practices in HIV research with men who have sex with men (MSM) under 18.BMC medical ethics · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review: methodological flaws in racial/ethnic reporting for gastroesophageal reflux disease.Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus · 2018Pooled it
- Correlates of Syringe Acquisition at Syringe Services Program and Pharmacies among Persons Who Inject Drugs: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, United States, 2022.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- HIV and Hepatitis C Among People Who Inject Drugs in Memphis, Tennessee: an Intersectional Risk Environment Analysis of the Social Determinants of Health.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Toward a Theory of the Underpinnings and Vulnerabilities of Structural Racism: Looking Upstream from Disease Inequities among People Who Use Drugs.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- HIV's Trajectory: Biomedical Triumph, Structural Failure.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Heterogeneity in the costs of medical care among people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Continued Transmission of HIV Among Young Adults Who Inject Drugs in San Francisco: Still Room for Improvement.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among men who inject drugs in a remote area of Vietnam.Harm reduction journal · 2018Article
- Investigating the burden of antibiotic resistance in ethnic minority groups in high-income countries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2017Article
- Racial Inequities in HIV Prevalence and Composition of Risk Networks Among People Who Inject Drugs in HIV Prevention Trial Network 037.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Article
- Trends in HIV and HCV Risk Behaviors and Prevalent Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2005-2012.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities at the End of an HIV Epidemic: Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2011-2015.American journal of public health · 2017Article
- Trends in HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: United States and Puerto Rico, 2008-2013.American journal of public health · 2016Article
- Income inequality, drug-related arrests, and the health of people who inject drugs: Reflections on seventeen years of research.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Geographical variations in risk factors associated with HIV infection among drug users in a prefecture in Southwest China.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2015Article
- Global Epidemiology of HIV Among Women and Girls Who Use or Inject Drugs: Current Knowledge and Limitations of Existing Data.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Review
- Can HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Infection be Eliminated Among Persons Who Inject Drugs?Journal of addictive diseases · 2015Article
- Will "Combined Prevention" Eliminate Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Infection among Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City?PloS one · 2015Article
- Combined HIV prevention, the New York City condom distribution program, and the evolution of safer sex behavior among persons who inject drugs in New York City.AIDS and behavior · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsThe Ethnic Minority Meta-Analysis (EMMA) aims to assess racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) across various countries. This is the first report of the data.
methodsStandard systematic review/meta-analysis methods were utilized, including searching for, screening and coding published and unpublished reports and meta-analytical statistics. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines for reporting methods. Disparities were measured with the odds ratio (OR) for HIV prevalence among ethnic minority PWID compared to ethnic majority PWID; an OR >1.0 indicated higher prevalence among ethnic minorities.
resultsRacial/ethnic disparities in HIV prevalence among PWID were examined in 131 prevalence reports, with 214 racial/ethnic minority to majority comparisons, comprising 106 715 PWID. Overall, the pooled OR indicates an increased likelihood of higher HIV prevalence among racial/ethnic minority compared to racial/ethnic majority PWID [OR = 2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.92-2.28]. Among 214 comparisons, 106 produced a statistically significant higher OR for minorities; in 102 comparisons the OR was not significantly different from 1.0; six comparisons produced a statistically significant higher OR for majority group members. Disparities were particularly large in the United States, pooled OR = 2.22 (95% CI: 2.03-2.44). There was substantial variation in ORs-I(2) = 75.3%: interquartile range = 1.38-3.56-and an approximate Gaussian distribution of the log ORs.
conclusionsAmong people who inject drugs, ethnic minorities are approximately twice as likely to be HIV seropositive than ethnic majorities. The great heterogeneity and Gaussian distribution suggest multiple causal factors and a need to tailor interventions to local conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.