ArticleVirology2012
Susceptibility of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to infection by the ranavirus Frog-Virus 3 correlates with a reduced and delayed innate immune response in comparison with adult frogs.
Article in Virology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Amphibian cellular immune response to chytridiomycosis at metamorphic climax.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- Ingestion of polyethylene terephthalate microplastic water contaminants by Xenopus laevis tadpoles negatively affects their resistance to ranavirus infection and antiviral immunity.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Article
- Age- and dose-dependent susceptibility of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) by bath exposure to Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV).Virology · 2023Article
- Larval T Cells Are Functionally Distinct from Adult T Cells in Xenopus laevis.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- The amphibian immune system.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Oral Vaccination of Largemouth Bass (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Developmental exposure to thyroid disrupting chemical mixtures alters metamorphosis and post-metamorphic thymocyte differentiation.Current research in toxicology · 2022Article
- The Immune System and the Antiviral Responses in Chinese Giant Salamander,Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Amphibian (Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Natural killer cell responses to emerging viruses of zoonotic origin.Current opinion in virology · 2020Review
- Salinity stress increases the severity of ranavirus epidemics in amphibian populations.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2020Article
- Innate immunity of Florida cane toads: how dispersal has affected physiological responses to LPS.Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology · 2020Article
- Expression Changes of MHC and Other Immune Genes in Frog Skin during Ontogeny.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- Article
- Developmental exposure to chemicals associated with unconventional oil and gas extraction alters immune homeostasis and viral immunity of the amphibian Xenopus.The Science of the total environment · 2019Article
- The Costs of Living Together: Immune Responses to the Microbiota and Chronic Gut Inflammation.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2019Review
- Evaluating the Within-Host Dynamics ofViruses · 2019Article
- Article
- Functional variation at an expressed MHC class IIβ locus associates with Ranavirus infection intensity in larval anuran populations.Immunogenetics · 2019Article
- Water Contaminants Associated With Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction Cause Immunotoxicity to Amphibian Tadpoles.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Xenopus laevis adults mount effective immune responses to ranavirus Frog Virus 3 (FV3) infections and clear the pathogen within 2-3 weeks. In contrast, most tadpoles cannot clear FV3 and succumb to infections within a month. While larval susceptibility has been attributed to ineffective adaptive immunity, the contribution of innate immune components has not been addressed. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive gene expression analysis on FV3-infected tadpoles and adults. In comparison to adults, leukocytes and tissues of infected tadpoles exhibited modest (10-100 time lower than adult) and delayed (3 day later than adult) increase in expression of inflammation-associated (TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ) and antiviral (Mx1) genes. In contrast, these genes were readily and robustly upregulated in tadpoles upon bacterial stimulation. Furthermore, greater proportions of larval than adult PLs were infected by FV3. Our study suggests that tadpole susceptibility to FV3 infection is partially due to poor virus-elicited innate immune responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.