ReviewPhysiological reviews2012
Control of sleep and wakefulness.
Review in Physiological reviews, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 666 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
666 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,435 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 3: The Effect of Caffeine on Electroencephalography (EEG) During Wakefulness-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Is exposure to chemical pollutants associated with sleep outcomes? A systematic review.Sleep medicine reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Skin-attached bioadhesive patch enabling ultrasound deep brain stimulation and real-time electrophysiological monitoring for REM sleep enhancement.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Can individualized blood pressure control prevent delirium after surgery in high-risk patients with sleep disorders?BMC anesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Efficacy of melatonin for prolonged disorders of consciousness: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.BMC medicine · 2024Trial
- Repeated caffeine intake suppresses cerebral grey matter responses to chronic sleep restriction in an AScientific reports · 2024Trial
- Altered Neurofluid Dynamics Markers in Middle-Aged and Older Women With Insomnia: A Multiparametric MR Neuroimaging Study.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Zwitterionic Polymer Coating Enabled Chronic Dopamine Sensing and Electrophysiology Recording in Free-Moving Mice.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Associations between REM sleep EEG slowing and brain cholinergic denervation in aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Closed-Loop Neuromodulation for Brain Fatigue: From Real-Time Biomarkers to Adaptive Intervention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Early-life GABA-A receptor blockade with bicuculline attenuates anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive deficits induced by 24-hr sleep deprivation in adult male rats.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Effect of melatonin treatment on oxidative stress-related parameters in REM sleep-deprived rats.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- CREB promotes starvation-induced sleep loss by regulating octopamine production in Drosophila.Biology open · 2026Article
- Exposure to broadband noise during non-REM sleep impairs hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and memory consolidation.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Tryptamine from wake-active monoaminergic neurons regulates sleep homeostasis.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- High social jetlag in healthy youth: differences in tryptophan levels and regional gray matter volume.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Sleep, Neural Circulatory Control, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mechanistic Review.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- Dorsal raphe tau pathology disrupts sleep-wake orchestration and sleep architecture in a sex-specific manner.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Article
- A molecular integrator of sleep duration and interruption.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
606 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.