ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2012
Refractory celiac disease: from bench to bedside.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) 2025 Updated Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Coeliac Disease in Adults. Part 2: Management, Follow-Up, and Complex Disease Courses.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Guideline
- Phenotypic shift of small intestinal intra-epithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells in celiac disease is associated with enhanced cytotoxic potential.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Trial
- Refractory Celiac Disease: Nutritional Failure, Immune Dysregulation, and Lymphomagenesis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Aberrant intra-epithelial lymphocytes cause enterocyte cell death in refractory celiac disease by CD103-β7-receptor-mediated granzyme-B degranulation which can be restored by etrolizumab.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Management Strategy for Non-Responsive and Refractory Celiac Disease in Adults: A Review Article.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Spontaneous Jejunal perforation in coeliac disease: diagnostic dilemma and navigating treatment beyond gluten-free diet in the absence of refractory disease.Oxford medical case reports · 2025Article
- Refractory Celiac Disease: What the Gastroenterologist Should Know.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Unraveling the Immunopathological Landscape of Celiac Disease: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Update on the Pathogenesis of Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Cellular Origins and Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal NK- and T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders.Cancers · 2022Review
- Article
- Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Possibly Due to Unrecognized Celiac Disease in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Article
- Recent advances in celiac disease and refractory celiac disease.F1000Research · 2019Review
- Pathogenesis of Enteropathy-Associated T Cell Lymphoma.Current hematologic malignancy reports · 2018Review
- Celiac Disease and Glandular Autoimmunity.Nutrients · 2018Review
- Development, Homeostasis, and Functions of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Review
- Article
- Updates of Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas Based on the 2017 WHO Classification.Current hematologic malignancy reports · 2018Review
- Lymphoma development and survival in refractory coeliac disease type II: Histological response as prognostic factor.United European gastroenterology journal · 2017Article
- Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma.Current hematologic malignancy reports · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Refractory celiac disease is defined by the persistence of symptoms of malnutrition and intestinal villous atrophy for more than 6-12 months despite strict gluten-free diet in celiac patients. Diagnosis of this rare condition is made after excluding other causes of chronic small intestinal inflammation and villous atrophy and inadvertent intake of gluten. Over the past 15 years, multidisciplinary approaches have been developed to assess the mechanism of resistance to the diet, and two distinct entities have been delineated. Type II refractory celiac disease (RCD) can be defined as a low-grade intraepithelial lymphoma. RCD II is characterised by a massive accumulation of abnormal IEL that display an aberrant hybrid NK/T cell phenotype, contain clonal T cell rearrangement(s) and can mediate a cytolytic attack of the gut epithelium. This condition has a severe prognosis, largely due to the frequent transformation of RCDII IEL into overt aggressive enteropathy-type-associated T cell lymphoma. In contrast, in type I RCD, intestinal lymphocytes have a normal phenotype, and this generally milder condition remains often difficult to differentiate from uncomplicated CD except for the resistance to gluten-free diet (GFD). Several mechanisms may underlie resistance to gluten. Herein, we review the distinctive characteristics of RCD I and RCD II, the mechanisms underlying the onset of resistance to GFD, the risk of developing high grade lymphoma and possible clues to improve their treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.