ArticlePloS one2012
RETRACTED: Molecular detection of eukaryotes in a single human stool sample from Senegal.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysbiosis of fungal microbiota in the intestinal mucosa of patients with colorectal adenomas.Scientific reports · 2015Trial
- Retraction: Molecular detection of eukaryotes in a single human stool sample from Senegal.PloS one · 2026Article
- Aspects of Genetic Diversity, Host Specificity and Public Health Significance of Single-Celled Intestinal Parasites Commonly Observed in Humans and Mostly Referred to as 'Non-Pathogenic'.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2025Review
- Gut Mycobiome: Latest Findings and Current Knowledge Regarding Its Significance in Human Health and Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Gut Mycobiome Changes During COVID-19 Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The mycobiome in human cancer: analytical challenges, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Analysis of fungal microbiota diversity and potential pathogenic fungi in oral secretions and gut feces of captive giant pandas.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Neonatal Gut Mycobiome: Immunity, Diversity of Fungal Strains, and Individual and Non-Individual Factors.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Assessment of DNA extraction methods for human gut mycobiome analysis.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- The Gut Microbiome of an Indigenous Agropastoralist Population in a Remote Area of Colombia with High Rates of Gastrointestinal Infections and Dysbiosis.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- The Effect of Protozoa Indigenous to Lakewater and Wastewater on Decay of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Coliphage.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Interplay of Gut Microbiota in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Role of Gut Microbiota, Mechanistic Pathways and Potential Treatment Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in the Human Gut of Healthy Individuals.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Human Mycobiome: Colonization, Composition and the Role in Health and Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Mycobiome-Host Coevolution? The Mycobiome of Ancestral Human Populations Seems to Be Different and Less Diverse Than Those of Extant Native and Urban-Industrialized Populations.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Expression of Concern: Molecular Detection of Eukaryotes in a Single Human Stool Sample from Senegal.PloS one · 2022Article
- The gut mycobiome: a novel player in chronic liver diseases.Journal of gastroenterology · 2021Review
- Enteroviruses from Humans and Great Apes in the Republic of Congo: Recombination within Enterovirus C Serotypes.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- The gut mycobiota of rural and urban individuals is shaped by geography.BMC microbiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2026-04-07Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare · Concerns/Issues about Methods · Conflict of Interest · Investigation by Company/Institution · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance · Objections by Author(s) · Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s) ·
- Expression of concern · 2022-12-13Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Updated to Retraction ·
- Expression of concern
- Retracted
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMicrobial eukaryotes represent an important component of the human gut microbiome, with different beneficial or harmful roles; some species are commensal or mutualistic, whereas others are opportunistic or parasitic. The diversity of eukaryotes inhabiting humans remains relatively unexplored because of either the low abundance of these organisms in human gut or because they have received limited attention from a whole-community perspective. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: In this study, a single fecal sample from a healthy African male was studied using both culture-dependent methods and extended molecular methods targeting the 18S rRNA and ITS sequences. Our results revealed that very few fungi, including Candida spp., Galactomyces spp., and Trichosporon asahii, could be isolated using culture-based methods. In contrast, a relatively a high number of eukaryotic species could be identified in this fecal sample when culture-independent methods based on various primer sets were used. A total of 27 species from one sample were found among the 977 analyzed clones. The clone libraries were dominated by fungi (716 clones/977, 73.3%), corresponding to 16 different species. In addition, 187 sequences out of 977 (19.2%) corresponded to 9 different species of plants; 59 sequences (6%) belonged to other micro-eukaryotes in the gut, including Entamoeba hartmanni and Blastocystis sp; and only 15 clones/977 (1.5%) were related to human 18S rRNA sequences.
conclusionOur results revealed a complex eukaryotic community in the volunteer's gut, with fungi being the most abundant species in the stool sample. Larger investigations are needed to assess the generality of these results and to understand their roles in human health and disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.