ArticlePLoS medicine2012
HIV treatment as prevention: modelling the cost of antiretroviral treatment--state of the art and future directions.
Article in PLoS medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Estimating System-Wide Healthcare Costs Using a Health System Model: Application to the Thanzi La Onse Model of Malawi.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Article
- Transgender-Specific Differentiated HIV Service Delivery Models in the South African Public Primary Health Care System (Jabula Uzibone): Protocol for an Implementation Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Modelling costs of community-based HIV self-testing programmes in Southern Africa at scale: an econometric cost function analysis across five countries.BMJ global health · 2021Article
- Costs and Scale-Up Costs of Integrating HIV Self-Testing Into Civil Society Organisation-Led Programmes for Key Populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Mali.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Predictors of Late Presentation for HIV/AIDS in West Arsi Zone Public Health Institutions, South Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Heterogeneity in the costs of medical care among people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- HIV Treatment Substantially Decreases Hospitalization Rates: Evidence From Rural South Africa.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2018Article
- HIV prevention costs and their predictors: evidence from the ORPHEA Project in Kenya.Health policy and planning · 2017Article
- Geographic Resource Allocation Based on Cost Effectiveness: An Application to Malaria Policy.Applied health economics and health policy · 2017Article
- Evidence for scaling up HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: A call for incorporating health system constraints.PLoS medicine · 2017Article
- Effect of eliminating CD4-count thresholds on HIV treatment initiation in South Africa: An empirical modeling study.PloS one · 2017Article
- What Determines HIV Prevention Costs at Scale? Evidence from the Avahan Programme in India.Health economics · 2016Article
- PrEP as a feature in the optimal landscape of combination HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2016Article
- The HIV Treatment Gap: Estimates of the Financial Resources Needed versus Available for Scale-Up of Antiretroviral Therapy in 97 Countries from 2015 to 2020.PLoS medicine · 2015Article
- A Political and Social History of HIV in South Africa.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2015Review
- Reconciling the science and policy divide: The reality of scaling up antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2015Article
- Modeling the implementation of universal coverage for HIV treatment as prevention and its impact on the HIV epidemic.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2014Review
- Cost-effectiveness analysis along the continuum of HIV care: how can we optimize the effect of HIV treatment as prevention programs?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2014Review
- Phylogenetic studies of transmission dynamics in generalized HIV epidemics: an essential tool where the burden is greatest?Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2014Review
- Antiretroviral drug costs and prescription patterns in British Columbia, Canada: 1996-2011.Medical care · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Policy discussions about the feasibility of massively scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce HIV transmission and incidence hinge on accurately projecting the cost of such scale-up in comparison to the benefits from reduced HIV incidence and mortality. We review the available literature on modelled estimates of the cost of providing ART to different populations around the world, and suggest alternative methods of characterising cost when modelling several decades into the future. In past economic analyses of ART provision, costs were often assumed to vary by disease stage and treatment regimen, but for treatment as prevention, in particular, most analyses assume a uniform cost per patient. This approach disregards variables that can affect unit cost, such as differences in factor prices (i.e., the prices of supplies and services) and the scale and scope of operations (i.e., the sizes and types of facilities providing ART). We discuss several of these variables, and then present a worked example of a flexible cost function used to determine the effect of scale on the cost of a proposed scale-up of treatment as prevention in South Africa. Adjusting previously estimated costs of universal testing and treatment in South Africa for diseconomies of small scale, i.e., more patients being treated in smaller facilities, adds 42% to the expected future cost of the intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.