ArticleNeurobiology of disease2012
Complement C1q formation of immune complexes with milk caseins and wheat glutens in schizophrenia.
Article in Neurobiology of disease, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The promise of biological markers for treatment response in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2015Pooled it
- The gut-brain axis and inflammatory mediators in suicide and mental disorders with high suicide rates: a review of current evidence.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Emerging role of complement system in the induction of neuroinflammation in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Review
- Nucleus Accumbens Proteome Disbalance in an Adolescent Mouse Model of Schizophrenia and Nicotine Misuse Comorbidity.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2022Article
- Nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and schizophrenia: An association worthy of constant reassessment.World journal of clinical cases · 2021Review
- Review
- Deciphering microbiome and neuroactive immune gene interactions in schizophrenia.Neurobiology of disease · 2020Review
- The complement system in schizophrenia: where are we now and what's next?Molecular psychiatry · 2020Review
- Complex Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Sources of Inflammation in Schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Reaction of antibodies toWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2019Article
- Autoimmune phenotypes in schizophrenia reveal novel treatment targets.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2018Review
- "Immune Gate" of Psychopathology-The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2018Review
- A NewScientifica · 2018Article
- The complement system: a gateway to gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia pathogenesis.Molecular psychiatry · 2017Review
- Schizophrenia and Infections: The Eyes Have It.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2017Review
- Increased Levels of C1q in the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Offspring after Maternal Immune Activation: Prevention by 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017Article
- Modified Mediterranean Diet for Enrichment of Short Chain Fatty Acids: Potential Adjunctive Therapeutic to Target Immune and Metabolic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia?Frontiers in neuroscience · 2017Article
- Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immune system factors including complement pathway activation are increasingly linked to the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Complement protein, C1q, binds to and helps to clear immune complexes composed of immunoglobulins coupled to antigens. The antigenic stimuli for C1q activation in schizophrenia are not known. Food sensitivities characterized by elevated IgG antibodies to bovine milk caseins and wheat glutens have been reported in individuals with schizophrenia. Here, we examined the extent to which these food products might comprise the antigen component of complement C1q immune complexes in individuals with recent onset schizophrenia (n=38), non-recent onset schizophrenia (n=61) and non-psychiatric controls (n=63). C1q seropositivity was significantly associated with both schizophrenia groups (recent onset, odds ratio (OR)=8.02, p≤0.008; non-recent onset, OR=3.15, p≤0.03) compared to controls (logistic regression models corrected for age, sex, race and smoking status). Casein- and/or gluten-IgG binding to C1q was significantly elevated in the non-recent onset group compared to controls (OR=4.36, p≤0.01). Significant amounts of C1q-casein/gluten-related immune complexes and C1q correlations with a marker for gastrointestinal inflammation in non-recent onset schizophrenia suggests a heightened rate of food antigens in the systemic circulation, perhaps via a disease-associated altered intestinal permeability. In individuals who are in the early stages of disease onset, C1q activation may reflect the formation of immune complexes with non-casein- or non-gluten-related antigens, the presence of C1q autoantibodies, and/or a dissociated state of immune complex components. In conclusion, complement activation may be a useful biomarker to diagnose schizophrenia early during the course of the disease. Future prospective studies should evaluate the impacts of casein- and gluten-free diets on C1q activation in schizophrenia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.