Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22800876›Full record

SynthesisThe American journal of medicine2012

Financial reinforcers for improving medication adherence: findings from a meta-analysis.

Nancy M Petry, Carla J Rash, Shannon Byrne, Shehryar Ashraf, William B White

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in The American journal of medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

69 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Effectiveness of interventions for reducing TB incidence in countries with low TB incidence: a systematic review of reviews.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2019
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  7. Patient-Centered Outcomes of Medication Adherence Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
    Pooled it
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9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Nancy M PetryCalhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA. npetry@uchc.edu
Carla J Rash
Shannon Byrne
Shehryar Ashraf
William B White

Funding

TSF to enhance treatment of cocaine dependenceP50DA009241 · NIDA · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 1994 to 2018
$40.5M
Vulnerabilities for coping-related drinking among post-college young adultsP60AA003510 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI COVAULT, JONATHAN M · 2008 to 2017
$17.5M
VOUCHERS VS PRIZES--CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENTR01DA013444 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI ALESSI, SHEILA MARIE · 2000 to 2015
$6.2M
POST-DOCTORAL TRAINING PROGRAM IN ALCOHOL STUDIEST32AA007290 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI SHEILA MARIE ALESSI · 1985 to 2026
$3.2M
Reinforcing Exercise in Cocaine AbusersR01DA027615 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2009 to 2013
$3.2M
Contingency Management for Initiating Smoking AbstinenceR01DA024667 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI WHITE, WILLIAM BARRY · 2008 to 2012
$2.8M
Brief Therapies for Problem Gambling Substance AbusersR01DA021567 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2007 to 2012
$2.7M
Group-Based Contingency Management/Outpatient TreatmentR01DA018883 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2004 to 2008
$2.0M
Recovery Enhancement With Awards Enhancement With Awards Research Dissemination (P30DA023918 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2009 to 2010
$1.8M
Training Therapists to Administer Contingency ManagementR01DA016855 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2003 to 2007
$1.8M
Lower-Cost Contingency Management in a Group SettingR01DA014618 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2002 to 2005
$1.4M
Healthy Activities for Prize Incentives (HAPI)R01DA022739 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI PETRY, NANCY M · 2008 to 2012
$1.3M
NIAAA NIH HHS P60 AA003510NIAAA NIH HHS P60-AA03510NIAAA NIH HHS T32 AA007290NIAAA NIH HHS T32-AA07290NIDA NIH HHS P30 DA023918NIDA NIH HHS P30-DA023918NIDA NIH HHS P50 DA009241NIDA NIH HHS P50-DA09241NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA013444NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA014618NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA016855NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA016855NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA018883NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA018883NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA021567NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA022739NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA022739NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA024667NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA024667NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA027615NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA027615NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA13444NIDA NIH HHS R01-DA14618
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIncreasingly, financial reinforcement interventions based on behavioral economic principles are being applied in health care settings, and this study examined the use of financial reinforcers for enhancing adherence to medications.

methodsElectronic databases and bibliographies of relevant references were searched, and a meta-analysis of identified trials was conducted. The variability in effect size and the impact of potential moderators (study design, duration of intervention, magnitude of reinforcement, and frequency of reinforcement) on effect size were examined.

resultsFifteen randomized studies and 6 nonrandomized studies examined the efficacy of financial reinforcement interventions for medication adherence. Financial reinforcers were applied for adherence to medications for tuberculosis, substance abuse, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis, schizophrenia, and stroke prevention. Reinforcement interventions significantly improved adherence relative to control conditions with an overall effect size of 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.84; P<.001). Nonrandomized studies had a larger average effect size than randomized studies, but the effect size of randomized studies remained significant at 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.53; P<.001). Interventions that were longer in duration, provided an average reinforcement of $50 or more per week, and reinforced patients at least weekly resulted in larger effect sizes than those that were shorter, provided lower reinforcers, and reinforced patients less frequently.

conclusionThese results demonstrate the efficacy of medication adherence interventions and underscore principles that should be considered in designing future adherence interventions. Financial reinforcement interventions hold potential for improving medication adherence and may lead to benefits for both patients and society.

Indexed as

Drug MonitoringIncomeMedication AdherenceReinforcement, PsychologyClinical Trials as TopicDirectly Observed TherapyHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicResearch DesignSelf AdministrationUnited States

Identifiers

PMID22800876
PMCPMC3432682

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.