ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2012
Chronic exposure to staphylococcal superantigen elicits a systemic inflammatory disease mimicking lupus.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Topical Mupirocin Treatment Reduces Interferon and Myeloid Signatures in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematous Lesions Through Targeting of Staphylococcus Species.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Trial
- Potential mechanisms linking bacterial factors to the development and progression of multiple sclerosis.Infectious medicine · 2025Review
- Cutaneous lupus erythematosus - from pathogenesis to targeted therapy.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Novel insights into the immune response to bacterial T cell superantigens.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Autoimmunity: A New Focus on Nasal Polyps.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Amyloid-containing biofilms and autoimmunity.Current opinion in structural biology · 2022Review
- Superantigens and SARS-CoV-2.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Altered Mitochondrial Homeostasis during Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Impairs Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Rendering Neutrophils Ineffective at CombatingJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Article
- Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Long COVID: The SARS-CoV-2 Viral Superantigen Hypothesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Genome Sequencing of a Historic Staphylococcus aureus Collection Reveals New Enterotoxin Genes and Sheds Light on the Evolution and Genomic Organization of This Key Virulence Gene Family.Journal of bacteriology · 2021Article
- Bacterial infections in lupus: Roles in promoting immune activation and in pathogenesis of the disease.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2021Review
- Article
- Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Is Increased on Lupus Skin Lesions and Is Promoted by IFN-Mediated Barrier Disruption.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2020Article
- Review
- Review
- Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Staphylococcal Superantigens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Prevalence ofGerms · 2017Article
- Concomitant Disruption ofJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- Role of Microbial Agents in Pulmonary Fibrosis .The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2017Review
- FDA-approved immunosuppressants targeting staphylococcal superantigens: mechanisms and insights.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic nasal and skin colonization with superantigen (SAg)-producing Staphylococcus aureus is well documented in humans. Given that trans-mucosal and trans-cutaneous absorption of SAgs can occur, we determined whether chronic exposure to small amounts of SAg per se could activate autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and precipitate any autoimmune disease without further external autoantigenic stimulation. Because HLA class II molecules present SAg more efficiently than do mouse MHC class II molecules, HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice were implanted s.c. with mini-osmotic pumps capable of continuously delivering the SAg, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (total of 10 μg/mouse), or PBS over 4 wk. Chronic exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B resulted in a multisystem autoimmune inflammatory disease with features similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease was characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of lungs, liver, and kidneys, accompanied by the production of anti-nuclear Abs and deposition of immune complexes in the renal glomeruli. The inflammatory infiltrates in various organs predominantly consisted of CD4(+) T cells bearing TCR Vβ8. The extent of immunopathology was markedly reduced in mice lacking CD4(+) T cells and CD28, indicating that the disease is CD4(+) T cell mediated and CD28 dependent. The absence of disease in STAT4-deficient, as well as IFN-γ-deficient, HLA-DQ8 mice suggested the pathogenic role of Th1-type cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ. In conclusion, our study suggests that chronic exposure to extremely small amounts of bacterial SAg could be an etiological factor for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.