ArticlePloS one2012
Estrogen mediates innate and adaptive immune alterations to influenza infection in pregnant mice.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Depot Medoxyprogesterone Acetate on Immune Functions and Inflammatory Markers of HIV-Infected Women.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Trial
- Influenza B virus suppression of Chromosome Y-linked genes increases pulmonary virus replication and disease severity in male mice.Research square · 2026Article
- Influenza virus infection during pregnancy: a review of risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and prevention strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association of hormone therapy and outcomes in COVID-19.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Neurogenesis decreases in the offspring of mothers infected with influenza A virus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Article
- Maternal Influenza and Offspring Neurodevelopment.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex-specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Nonrespiratory sites of influenza-associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study.The FEBS journal · 2022Review
- Effect of Norelgestromin and Ethinylestradiol in Transdermal Patches on the Clinical Outcomes and Biochemical Parameters of COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Trial Pilot Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Impact of Estrogens and Their Receptors on Immunity and Inflammation during Infection.Cancers · 2022Review
- Estrogen Suppresses Cytokines Release in cc4821Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Recipient sex and estradiol levels affect transplant outcomes in an age-specific fashion.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2021Article
- Maternal natural killer cells at the intersection between reproduction and mucosal immunity.Mucosal immunology · 2021Review
- Vaccination of pregnant women against influenza: what is the optimal timing?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Moderately pathogenic maternal influenza A virus infection disrupts placental integrity but spares the fetal brain.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021Article
- Viral infections that alter estrogen levels during pregnancy may contribute to the etiology of cryptorchidism.Basic and clinical andrology · 2021Article
- The effect of estrogen in coronavirus disease 2019.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pregnancy is a leading risk factor for severe complications during an influenza virus infection. Women infected during their second and third trimesters are at increased risk for severe cardiopulmonary complications, premature delivery, and death. Here, we establish a murine model of aerosolized influenza infection during pregnancy. We find significantly altered innate antiviral responses in pregnant mice, including decreased levels of IFN-β, IL-1α, and IFN-γ at early time points of infection. We also find reduced cytotoxic T cell activity and delayed viral clearance. We further demonstrate that pregnancy levels of the estrogen 17-β-estradiol are able to induce key anti-inflammatory phenotypes in immune responses to the virus independently of other hormones or pregnancy-related stressors. We conclude that elevated estrogen levels result in an attenuated anti-viral immune response, and that pregnancy-associated morbidities occur in the context of this anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.