ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2012
Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Relationship Between Exposure to Parental Substance Use and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Pooled it
- Prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine exposure and offspring externalizing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Pooled it
- The impact of paternal alcohol, tobacco, caffeine use and physical activity on offspring mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Reproductive health · 2021Pooled it
- Research Review: Developmental origins of depression - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Relationship between Exposures to Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors during Prenatal Development and Childhood Externalizing Behaviors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal Smoking and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2015Pooled it
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prenatal cigarette exposure induces offspring hyperactivity and affective alterations via gut -brain axis metabolic dysregulation and region-specific neuronal hyperactivation.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Maternal smoking based on pre-birth health examination and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: insights from a Korean mother-child cohort.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to adolescent anxiety and poor mental health: A cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2007-2012.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Smoke signals in the genome: Epigenetic consequences of parental tobacco exposure (Review).Biomedical reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Behavioral Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric reports · 2024Review
- Deep-Learning-Based Analysis Reveals a Social Behavior Deficit in Mice Exposed Prenatally to Nicotine.Cells · 2024Article
- Exposure to Smoking as a Predictor of ADHD Subtypes Among Children Within Saudi Arabia: An Observational Study.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Deriving GWAS summary estimates for paternal smoking in UK biobank: a GWAS by subtraction.BMC research notes · 2023Article
- Association of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy with Neurophysiological and ADHD-Related Outcomes in School-Aged Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Examining the relationship between birth weight and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- The association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and smoking experience or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children and adolescents.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. It is assumed by many that this association is causal. Others suggest that observed associations are due to unmeasured genetic factors or other confounding factors. The authors compared risks of maternal smoking during pregnancy with those of paternal smoking during pregnancy. With a causal intrauterine effect, no independent association should be observed between paternal smoking and offspring ADHD. If the association is due to confounding factors, risks of offspring ADHD should be of similar magnitudes regardless of which parent smokes. This hypothesis was tested in 8,324 children from a well-characterized United Kingdom prospective cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (data from 1991-2000). Associations between offspring ADHD and maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy were compared using regression analyses. Offspring ADHD symptoms were associated with exposure to both maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy (mothers: β = 0.25, 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.32; fathers: β = 0.21, 95% confidence interval: 0.15, 0.27). When paternal smoking was examined in the absence of maternal smoking, associations remained and did not appear to be due to passive smoking exposure in utero. These findings suggest that associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and child ADHD may be due to genetic or household-level confounding rather than to causal intrauterine effects.
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