ReviewJournal of leukocyte biology2012
Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives".
Review in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 167 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
167 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 349 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infection Risk in Dermatology Patients Receiving Next-Generation Medication: A Meta-Analysis of JAK Inhibitors and Biologics.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of blood interleukin-4 levels concerning malaria infection and severity.Malaria journal · 2022Pooled it
- Immunological Traits of Patients with Coexistent Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association Between IL-4 Polymorphisms and Risk of Liver Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis.Medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Urinary cytokines in women with refractory detrusor overactivity: A longitudinal study of rotating antibiotic versus placebo treatment.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Characterization of pro-inflammatory, regulatory, and anti-inflammatory interleukins in placentas affected by acute fetal distress across gestational ages: a pilot study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Dietary alligator pepper powder mitigates thermal stress-induced performance suppression, immune dysfunction, and cellular stress in broiler chickens reared under hot-humid tropical conditions.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder: Pathophysiological insights and therapeutic perspectives.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Pre-analytical characterization of CNS-derived extracellular vesicles from human saliva: effect of room temperature and cellular origin.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Changes of Aqueous Humor Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery in Comparison to Conventional Phacoemulsification.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Effects of Initiation Age of Starter Feeding on Growth Performance, Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity, Gastrointestinal Development, and Microbial Communities in Suckling Lambs.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Cytoskeleton proteins, the structural basis of T-lymphocyte and TEC restructure during rapid thymus regeneration.Histology and histopathology · 2025Review
- Therapeutic Effects of PSL-Loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA NPs in Allergic Contact Dermatitis Model Mice.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Advances in Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines as Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Potential role of NSAIDs loaded nano-formulations to treat inflammatory diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Interleukin-4 prevents increased endothelial permeability by inducing pericyte survival and modulating microglial responses in diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Donor adipose-derived stromal cells are vasoprotectant but unable to revert acute rejection in rodent vascularized composite allotransplants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
107 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Studies of IL-4 have revealed a wealth of information on the diverse roles of this cytokine in homeostatic regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that instead of simple linear regulatory pathways, IL-4 drives regulation that is full of alternatives. In addition to the well-known dichotomous regulation of Th cell differentiation by IL-4, this cytokine is engaged in several other alternative pathways. Its own production involves alternative mRNA splicing, yielding at least two functional isoforms: full-length IL-4, encoded by the IL-4 gene exons 1-4, and IL-4δ2, encoded by exons 1, 3, and 4. The functional effects of these two isoforms are in some ways similar but in other ways quite distinct. When binding to the surface of target cells, IL-4 may differentially engage two different types of receptors. By acting on macrophages, a cell type critically involved in inflammation, IL-4 induces the so-called alternative macrophage activation. In this review, recent advances in understanding these three IL-4-related branch points--alternative splicing of IL-4, differential receptor engagement by IL-4, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by IL-4--are summarized in light of their contributions to inflammation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.