ArticleChemical research in toxicology2012
Pharmacodynamics of ginsenosides: antioxidant activities, activation of Nrf2, and potential synergistic effects of combinations.
Article in Chemical research in toxicology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Panax japonicus and Dioscorea deltoidea Cell Cultures as a Source of Stable Antioxidant Food Components.Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Ginsenosides in Modern Pharmaceutics: Mechanisms, Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Article
- Dietary Supplementation of the Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss by Red Ginseng, Panax Ginseng" Powder: Enhancing Effects on Growth, Immunity and Disease Resistance.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Recent Research on the Role of Phytochemicals from Ginseng in Management of Osteosarcoma, Osteoporosis, and Osteoarthritis.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Free Radical Scavenging Effect and Immunomodulatory Activity of Total Saponins Extract of Ginseng Fibrous Roots.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ginsenosides Extracted from Forest-Grown WildFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Bioconversion of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction from ginseng root and its effect on epidermal barrier function.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Article
- Crocin's effect on phenotype switching of J774A.1 macrophages depends on their polarization state during exposure.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2023Article
- Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 (Nrf2) in the Recovery of Long COVID-19 Using Natural Antioxidants: A Systematic Review.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Enhancing effect ofJournal of ginseng research · 2022Article
- Ginseng® as a reproductive enhancer agent for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2022Article
- Probable Mechanisms of Doxorubicin Antitumor Activity Enhancement by Ginsenoside Rh2.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Oxidative Stress and Ginsenosides: An Update on the Molecular Mechanisms.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Review
- Network-based modeling of herb combinations in traditional Chinese medicine.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2021Article
- Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide.Journal of ginseng research · 2021Article
- [Preparation of branched polyethyleneimine-assisted boric acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and its application to selective enrichment of ginsenoside Re].Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ginseng has long been used in Asian countries for more than 2000 years. Currently, in the "Western World or Western Medicines", many reports have indicated that they have used herbal medicines, and ginseng is one of the most popular herbs. Several recent reports have indicated that the antioxidant/antioxidative stress activities of ginseng play a role in the benefits of ginseng; however, the precise mechanism is lacking. The antioxidant response element (ARE) is a critical regulatory element for the expression of many antioxidant enzymes and phase II/III drug metabolizing/transporter genes, mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). The aim of this study was to examine the potential activation and synergism of Nrf2-ARE-mediated transcriptional activity between three common ginsenosides present in ginseng, ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), and ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (20S). We tested whether these ginsenosides and their combinations could induce Nrf2-ARE activities in HepG2-C8 cells with stably transfected ARE luciferase reporter gene. Cell proliferation, antioxidant and ARE activities, Western blotting of Nrf2 protein, and qPCR of mRNA of Nrf2 were conducted for Rb1, Rg1, and 20S as well as the combinations of 20S with Rb1 or Rg1. To determine the combination effects, the combination index (CI) was calculated. Rb1 and Rg1 are relatively nontoxic to the cells, while 20S at 50 μM or above significantly inhibited the cell proliferation. Rb1, Rg1, or 20S induced total antioxidant activity and ARE activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, combinations of 20S with either Rb1 or Rg1 induced total antioxidant and ARE activity synergistically. The induction of Nrf2 protein and mRNA was also found to be synergistic with the combination treatments. In summary, in this study, we show that ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and 20S possess antioxidant activity, transcriptionally activating ARE as well as the potential of synergistic activities. The Nrf2-ARE-mediated antioxidant pathway could play a role for the overall antioxidative stress activities, which could be important for ginseng's health beneficial effects such as cancer chemopreventive activities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.