ArticlePloS one2012
Influence of HAART on alternative reading frame immune responses over the course of HIV-1 infection.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling conserved HIV-1 open reading frames encoding T cell antigens using ribosome profiling.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Next-generation cancer vaccines: targeting cryptic and non-canonical antigens for precision immunotherapy.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Creation of the HIV-1 antisense geneMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Epigenetic Regulation of HIV-1 Sense and Antisense Transcription in Response to Latency-Reversing Agents.Non-coding RNA · 2023Article
- Defective HIV-1 genomes and their potential impact on HIV pathogenesis.Retrovirology · 2022Review
- Intragenic proviral elements support transcription of defective HIV-1 proviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Review
- The HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP Is a Transmembrane Protein of the Cell Surface and an Integral Protein of the Viral Envelope.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Antisense-Derived HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Are Not Major Drivers of Viral Evolution during the Acute Phase of Infection.Journal of virology · 2018Article
- Article
- Nowhere to hide: unconventional translation yields cryptic peptides for immune surveillance.Immunological reviews · 2016Review
- Enhanced Recognition of HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Restricted by HLA Class I Alleles Associated With a Favorable Clinical Outcome.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Article
- Immune screening identifies novel T cell targets encoded by antisense reading frames of HIV-1.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- The HIV-1 antisense protein (ASP) induces CD8 T cell responses during chronic infection.Retrovirology · 2015Article
- Characterization of T-cell responses to cryptic epitopes in recipients of a noncodon-optimized HIV-1 vaccine.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2014Article
- Acute phase CD8+ T lymphocytes against alternate reading frame epitopes select for rapid viral escape during SIV infection.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTranslational errors can result in bypassing of the main viral protein reading frames and the production of alternate reading frame (ARF) or cryptic peptides. Within HIV, there are many such ARFs in both sense and the antisense directions of transcription. These ARFs have the potential to generate immunogenic peptides called cryptic epitopes (CE). Both antiretroviral drug therapy and the immune system exert a mutational pressure on HIV-1. Immune pressure exerted by ARF CD8(+) T cells on the virus has already been observed in vitro. HAART has also been described to select HIV-1 variants for drug escape mutations. Since the mutational pressure exerted on one location of the HIV-1 genome can potentially affect the 3 reading frames, we hypothesized that ARF responses would be affected by this drug pressure in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsIn this study we identified new ARFs derived from sense and antisense transcription of HIV-1. Many of these ARFs are detectable in circulating viral proteins. They are predominantly found in the HIV-1 env nucleotide region. We measured T cell responses to 199 HIV-1 CE encoded within 13 sense and 34 antisense HIV-1 ARFs. We were able to observe that these ARF responses are more frequent and of greater magnitude in chronically infected individuals compared to acutely infected patients, and in patients on HAART, the breadth of ARF responses increased. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results have implications for vaccine design and unveil the existence of potential new epitopes that could be included as vaccine targets.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.