Trial reportClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2012
Topical TLR7 agonist imiquimod can induce immune-mediated rejection of skin metastases in patients with breast cancer.
Trial report in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 117 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase II Evaluation of Imiquimod, a Topical Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Agonist in Breast Cancer Patients With Chest Wall Recurrence or Skin Metastases
Phase I-II Study of Intratumoral Urelumab Combined With Nivolumab in Patients With Solid Tumors
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 221 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases from advanced cancer: a meta-analysis.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2014Pooled it
- Topical TLR7 agonist and radiotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- Transcriptomic profiles conducive to immune-mediated tumor rejection in human breast cancer skin metastases treated with Imiquimod.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Interferon regulatory factors orchestrate CD8International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Sclerodermoid cutaneous metastases secondary to prostate adenocarcinoma.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Decoding the CAF-TAM axis: multi-omics dissection and therapeutic targeting of stromal-immune crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Immunoinformatic insights for design and clinical prospects of pan-RAS cancer vaccine.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Breaking Barriers: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Breast Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Enhancing Cancer Therapy with TLR7/8 Agonists: Applications in Vaccines and Combination Treatments.Cancers · 2025Review
- Understanding the complexity of tumor-associated macrophages: Druggable and therapeutic insights.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Type III interferon primes pDCs for TLR7 activation and antagonizes immune suppression mediated by TGF-β and PGE2.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Normalization of tumor vasculature by imiquimod: proposal for a new anticancer therapeutic indication for a TLR7 agonist.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Multicenter Evaluation of Morbidity and Predictors of Response to Imiquimod Treatment for Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia.European urology open science · 2025Article
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages in cancer immunoediting: a targetable therapeutic axis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Focusing on the interplay between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor microenvironment: from mechanism to intervention.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Advances in predicting breast cancer driver mutations: Tools for precision oncology (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The axis of tumor-associated macrophages, extracellular matrix proteins, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis.Cancer cell international · 2024Review
- Enhancing in situ cancer vaccines using delivery technologies.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Immunotherapies Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer.Molecular cancer · 2024Review
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSkin metastases of breast cancer remain a therapeutic challenge. Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod is an immune response modifier and can induce immune-mediated rejection of primary skin malignancies when topically applied. Here we tested the hypothesis that topical imiquimod stimulates local antitumor immunity and induces the regression of breast cancer skin metastases. EXPERIMENTAL
designA prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the local tumor response rate of breast cancer skin metastases treated with topical imiquimod, applied 5 d/wk for 8 weeks. Safety and immunologic correlates were secondary objectives.
resultsTen patients were enrolled and completed the study. Imiquimod treatment was well tolerated, with only grade 1 to 2 transient local and systemic side effects consistent with imiquimod's immunomodulatory effects. Two patients achieved a partial response [20%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3%-56%]. Responders showed histologic tumor regression with evidence of an immune-mediated response, showed by changes in the tumor lymphocytic infiltrate and locally produced cytokines.
conclusionTopical imiquimod is a beneficial treatment modality for breast cancer metastatic to skin/chest wall and is well tolerated. Importantly, imiquimod can promote a proimmunogenic tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Preclinical data generated by our group suggest superior results with a combination of imiquimod and ionizing radiation and we are currently testing in patients whether the combination can further improve antitumor immune and clinical responses.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.