ReviewCytokine & growth factor reviews
The role of interleukin-21 in HIV infection.
Review in Cytokine & growth factor reviews. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-21 controls CD8Zoological research · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profile Associated with Sub-Subtype A6 and CRF63-02A6 HIV-1 Strain Infection.Viruses · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling reveal immune and metabolic dysregulation in the colonic mucosa of people living with HIV with incomplete immune recovery.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Dynamic modulation of the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway for HIV shock and kill.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research.Viruses · 2022Review
- A Stable Gold Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine for the Targeted Delivery of Tumor-Associated Glycopeptide Antigens.ACS bio & med chem Au · 2021Article
- Deciphering the Role of Mucosal Immune Responses and the Cervicovaginal Microbiome in Resistance to HIV Infection in HIV-Exposed Seronegative (HESN) Women.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Article
- Production of HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies mediating innate immune functions depends on cognate IL-21- secreting CD4+ T cells.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Immunological history governs human stem cell memory CD4 heterogeneity via the Wnt signaling pathway.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Elevation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on T cells appears early in HIV infection, and differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns can be induced by common γ -chain cytokines.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Defective IL-17- and IL-22-dependent mucosal host response to Candida albicans determines susceptibility to oral candidiasis in mice expressing the HIV-1 transgene.BMC immunology · 2014Article
- Interleukin-21 and T follicular helper cells in HIV infection: research focus and future perspectives.Immunologic research · 2013Review
- IL-21 optimizes T cell and humoral responses in the central nervous system during viral encephalitis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2013Article
- HIV-associated chronic immune activation.Immunological reviews · 2013Review
- Cell-Mediated Immunity in Elite Controllers Naturally Controlling HIV Viral Load.Frontiers in immunology · 2013Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is one of a group of cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15 whose receptor complexes share the common γ chain (γ(c)). Secretion of IL-21 is restricted mainly to T follicular helper (TFH) CD4 T cell subset with contributions from Th17, natural killer (NK) T cells, but the effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. The role of IL-21 in sustaining and regulating T cell, B cell and NK cell responses during chronic viral infections has recently come into focus. This chapter reviews current knowledge about the biology of IL-21 in the context of HIV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.