Trial reportAddictive behaviors2012
A comparison of three smokeless tobacco dependence measures.
Trial report in Addictive behaviors, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Efficiency of behaviour support interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation by dentists.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2026Trial
- Nicotine Metabolite Ratio Is Associated With Lozenge Use But Not Quitting in Smokeless Tobacco Users.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Trial
- Randomized trial of nicotine lozenges and phone counseling for smokeless tobacco cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Trial
- Randomized controlled trial of MyLastDip: a Web-based smokeless tobacco cessation program for chewers ages 14-25.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Trial
- Development and initial validation of a new self-report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire among Turkmen Nass (Naswar) users.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2023Article
- [Study of correlation between different scales that measure smoking dependence].Atencion primaria · 2023Observational
- Development and psychometric evaluation of the Khaini Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Pilot Testing All Nations Snuff Out Smokeless (ANSOS): A Culturally Tailored Smokeless Tobacco Cessation Program for American Indians.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2021Article
- Baseline characteristics of American Indian smokeless tobacco users participating in two pilot cessation studies.Journal of community health · 2020Article
- One-Time Education Sessions to Help American Indian Smokeless Tobacco Users Quit.Journal of community health · 2020Article
- The state of smokeless tobacco cessation in a context lacking cessation services: Evidence from Ethiopia.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Psychometric Testing of the Chinese-Version Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ-C) for the Identification of Nicotine Dependence in Adult Smokers in Taiwan.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2017Article
- Clinical Laboratory Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes/Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Methodological Challenges.Tobacco regulatory science · 2016Article
- Measurement of multiple nicotine dependence domains among cigarette, non-cigarette and poly-tobacco users: Insights from item response theory.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is associated with tobacco dependence and long-term adverse health consequences. Clinical and research tools that can accurately assess ST dependence are needed to improve research and treatment of ST users. Measures of ST dependence have been developed to address this need. We used data from a study evaluating the effectiveness of bupropion sustained release for the treatment of ST use (N=225) to compare the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire for Smokeless Tobacco (FTQ-ST) users, the Severson Smokeless Tobacco Dependency Scale (SSTDS), and the Glover-Nilsson Smokeless Tobacco Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-STBQ). We observed that despite the intention of the scale: (1) all scales were significantly correlated with ST cans consumed per week; (2) the FTQ-ST was significantly correlated with serum nicotine and cotinine concentrations and craving; (3) the GN-STBQ and SSTDS were significantly associated with both craving and withdrawal; and (4) none of the scales were significantly associated with ST abstinence. When all of the scales were entered simultaneously in a multivariable analysis, the SSTDS was the only scale independently associated with withdrawal and craving. As when used with cigarette smokers, the FTQ-ST appeared to measure the construct of physical dependence. The GN-STBQ and SSTDS, designed to measure broader constructs of dependence, were found to predict both withdrawal and craving which may be advantageous in clinical settings. The GN-STBQ and the FTQ-ST did not contribute significantly to the prediction of withdrawal and craving beyond what was accomplished using the SSTDS. The use of the scales is discussed in terms of clinical usefulness and how each scale might assess differing aspects of tobacco dependence.
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Registered trials
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