Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2012
Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 92 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Energy Value of Macronutrients From Almonds and Mechanisms of Nutrient Action
Macronutrient Absorption From Walnuts: The Measured Energy Value of Walnuts in the Human Diet
Macronutrient Absorption From Almonds: The Effect of Processing on the Measured Energy Value of Almonds in the Human Diet
Nuts and Olestra for Persistent Organic Pollutant Reduction (NO-POPs) Trial: A Pilot Investigation
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Intake in Humans: a Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- The Metabolizable Energy and Lipid Bioaccessibility of Tree Nuts and Peanuts: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis of Human and In Vitro Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Walnut consumption and health outcomes with public health relevance-a systematic review of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials published from 2017 to present.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Intake of Nuts or Nut Products Does Not Lead to Weight Gain, Independent of Dietary Substitution Instructions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome.Current diabetes reports · 2014Pooled it
- Metabolizable Energy Value of Chickpeas and Lentils in the Human Diet: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Early time-restricted eating improves markers of cardiometabolic health but has no impact on intestinal nutrient absorption in healthy adults.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Trial
- Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults.Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2023Trial
- Enhanced secretion of satiety-promoting gut hormones in healthy humans after consumption of white bread enriched with cellular chickpea flour: A randomized crossover study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Trial
- Acute consumption of a shake containing cashew and Brazil nuts did not affect appetite in overweight subjects: a randomized, cross-over study.European journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Snacking on Almonds Lowers Glycaemia and Energy Intake Compared to a Popular High-Carbohydrate Snack Food: An Acute Randomised Crossover Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Is a Handful an Effective Way to Guide Nut Recommendations?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Effects of Pistachio Consumption in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention on Weight Change, Cardiometabolic Factors, and Dietary Intake.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Snacking on whole almonds for 6 weeks improves endothelial function and lowers LDL cholesterol but does not affect liver fat and other cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy adults: the ATTIS study, a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Evaluation of the Influence of Raw Almonds on Appetite Control: Satiation, Satiety, Hedonics and Consumer Perceptions.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Mixed Nut Consumption May Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- The Percentage of Dietary Phosphorus Excreted in the Urine Varies by Dietary Pattern in a Randomized Feeding Study in Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that Predicted by Atwater Factors.Nutrients · 2018Trial
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe energy content of foods is primarily determined by the Atwater factors, which may not be accurate for certain food groups. Nuts are a food group for which substantial evidence suggests that the Atwater factors may be poorly predictive.
objectiveA study was conducted to determine the energy value of almonds in the human diet and to compare the measured energy value with the value calculated from the Atwater factors.
designEighteen healthy adults consumed a controlled diet or an almond-containing diet for 18 d. Three treatments were administered to subjects in a crossover design, and diets contained 1 of 3 almond doses: 0, 42, or 84 g/d. During the final 9 d of the treatment period, volunteers collected all urine and feces, and samples of diets, feces, and urine were analyzed for macronutrient and energy contents. The metabolizable energy content of the almonds was determined.
resultsThe energy content of almonds in the human diet was found to be 4.6 ± 0.8 kcal/g, which is equivalent to 129 kcal/28-g serving. This is significantly less than the energy density of 6.0-6.1 kcal/g as determined by the Atwater factors, which is equivalent to an energy content of 168-170 kcal/serving. The Atwater factors, when applied to almonds, resulted in a 32% overestimation of their measured energy content.
conclusionThis study provides evidence for the inaccuracies of the Atwater factors for certain applications and provides a rigorous method for determining empirically the energy value of individual foods within the context of a mixed diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01007188.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.